Project 2
1 Introduction
Industries require different kind of variable torque and speed drives in various applications such as in overhead cranes, conveyer belts, arm of robots, etc. for which Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC) motor drives are used. Induction motors and synchronous motors are the two main types of AC motor presently used. The permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is an AC synchronous motor whose field excitation is provided by permanent magnets and has a sinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF) waveform. The permanent magnet synchronous machine has several advantages such as a maintenance-free operation, high controllability, robustness against the environment, high power factor and high efficiency. Due to many positive qualities and environmental friendly PMSM are widely used in different applications.
2 PMSM design procedure
PMSM with an interior magnet rotor is designed with ANSYS Maxwell software. Based on the preliminary results [31] different combinations of the width and thickness of magnets, magnet position in the rotor i.e., D1, O1, and Rib are tried. In the present work, 1.07 kW capacity motor having four poles with a rated speed of 4000 rpm has been selected, and magnet size and position, rotor with embedded magnets, damper windings for the rotor and a stator is designed. ANSYS Maxwell software is used to design the PMSM. Finite element method (FEM) approach is used in the ANSYS Maxwell software. The model for the machine was developed in RMxprt which requires data related to the stator, the stator windings, the stator slots, the rotor and the poles. The rotor can be designed with or without dampers. In this work, dampers were used which facilitate the PMSM to start like an induction motor (IM). Materials used for different components of PMSM are presented in Table 1. The various parameters such as D1, O1, Rib, magnet width, and magnet thickness were optimized for maximum efficiency and power factor. One of the design of PMSM using RMxprt as shown in Figure 1 which was checked and validated by the software. A solution setup was created to specify the load type, rated output power, rated voltage, rated speed, and the operating temperature for the analysis purpose. Finally, the PMSM was simulated on the basis of its design and solution setup added. The results are presented in subsequent sections.
Table 1:
Materials of different components of PMSM.
IMG
Figure 1:
View of PMSM design.
3 Design optimisation
3.1 Taguchi design methodology
In Taguchi optimization method different factors are selected with different levels to study the effect of the factors on the performance. The DoE in Taguchi method uses specially created orthogonal arrays (OA) which allow reducing the number of experiments and time in conducting the experiments. In Taguchi method a loss function is used to calculate the deviation between the experimental and the desired values. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) is obtained from the loss function. Three types of quality characteristics of S/N ratio are used in the analysis. These are: lower-the-better, the higher the-better, and the nominal-the-best . In the analysis, S/N ratio for each response is calculated as per response characteristics. In the present investigation the motor efficiency and power factor are taken for maximization. Equations (1) and (2) describes the quality characteristics.
IMG
y i is the ith experimental data at and n is the number of observations .
The selection of the arrays depends on the number of control factors and desired levels. The performance in-terms of efficiency, power factor etc. of PMSM depends on the several design parameters.
3.1.1 Selection of factors and levels
The first step in the Taguchi method of optimization and analysis is the selection of factors and levels. In PMSM design, magnet dimension and its position in the rotor are the most important specifications. The effect of magnet size parameters i.e., width w and thickness t, and magnet position parameters i.e., D1, O1, and Rib on the S/N ratio for motor efficiency and power factor were investigated. Parametric values and their levels are presented in Table 2. A total of five control factors were considered in which two factors (magnet width and thickness) were at four levels and three factors (magnet position in the rotor i.e., D1, O1, and Rib) were at two levels. Mixed full factorial experiment with two factors at four levels and three factors at two levels requires 42 × 23 = 128 number of experiments which can be reduced to one-eighth of 128. Hence, L16 array was selected and the details of the factors are presented in Table 3.
Table 2:
Rotor design parameters and their levels.
IMG
L16 orthogonal array (OA) was used in Taguchi method and the results of S/N ratio for power factor and efficiency are shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. Figures 2 and 3 reveal that S/N ratios for the factors giving the best power factor and efficiency are specified as w = 20 mm, t = 7.38 mm, D1 = 64 mm, O1 = 23 mm (all are factor 4, 4, 2, and 2) and Rib = 0.5 mm (factor 1).
IMG
Figure 2:
Effect of magnet size and position on the S/N ratio for power factor.
IMG
Figure 3:
Effect of magnet size and position on the S/N ratio for efficiency.
4 Performance simulation
PMSM with an interior magnet rotor is designed with ANSYS Maxwell software with the optimized dimensions. The permanent magnets (PMs) are located in the interior of the rotor. The 3-D view of the PMSM designed with the help of software is shown in Figure 4. The motor consists of stator made of iron, rotor cage made of cobalt, aluminium rotor damper bars and the permanent magnet used is NdFeB (NdFe35). The damper bars are used for initial starting of the motor similar to that of an induction motor.
IMG
Figure 4:
3-Dimensional design of PMSM.
The result of the different performance parameters of designed PMSM is achieved in ANSYS Simplorer. The PMSM designed in ANSYS Maxwell was co-simulated with the drive system designed in ANSYS Simplorer. The complete drive system consists of IGBT inverter, PMSM coupled with DC Generator for electrical loading of the PMSM and a control circuit for switching of the IGBTs in the inverter circuit. In the control circuit, pulse width modulation (PWM) technique was used by comparing three sinusoidal signals having frequency of 50 Hz, each displaced from one another by 120°, with a triangular carrier signal having frequency of 10 kHz. The complete drive system is shown in Figure 5.
IMG
Figure 5:
Drive system for PMSM.
4.1 Efficiency
The full load efficiency of PMSM was obtained after simulation of the designed model in RMxprt. The efficiency curve of the motor with respect to torque angle was found at four different speeds through simulation. The model was simulated at 2700, 3000, 3300, and 4000 rpm, and the results are shown in Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9. The efficiency achieved for the designed motor at 2700, 3000, 3300, and 4000 rpm were 81.47, 84.17, 87.31, and 91.27%, respectively. The torque angle was seen to be reduced as the speed of operation increases. Initially at 2700 rpm, the torque angle for operation comes out to be 43.75°. It then reduces to 40.13°, 37.51°, and 31.35° at 3000, 3300, and 4000 rpm, respectively.
IMG
Figure 6:
Efficiency versus torque angle at 2700 rpm.
IMG
Figure 7:
Efficiency versus torque angle at 3000 rpm.
IMG
Figure 8:
Efficiency versus torque angle at 3300 rpm.
IMG
Figure 9:
Efficiency versus torque angle at 4000 rpm.
4.2 Power factor
The simulation results show that the power factor for different combination of w, t, D1, O1 and Rib are found to be in the range of 0.510–0.985. The improvement in power factor may be due to many reasons. In the present investigation the neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets is used. NdFeB magnet improves the efficiency and power factor in permanent magnet synchronous machines . The properties of NdFeB magnets instead allow also the use of demagnetizing current which helps in the improvement of the power factor . The power factor is the ratio of active and apparent power which can be improved by proper selection of size and volume of the permanent magnet and the condition of the supply current. Optimum design of PMSM helps in minimizing the losses which causes increases in efficiency and power factor [37]. The effect of various design parameters on the power factor is presented in Figure 10. Figure 10 reveals that improvement in power factor can be made by proper selection of studied design parameters. Total harmonic distortion (THD) can also distort the line voltage. Less distortion is possible with a sinusoidal current from the line in phase with line voltage which improves the power factor. The non-sinusoidal voltage and current introduce a distortion factor, which reduces the total power factor. In the present investigation, total harmonic distortion was less than 4.8%.
IMG
Figure 10:
Effect of design variable on power factor.
5 Sensitivity analysis
Sensitivity analysis is a numerical approach used to estimate the impact of the design parameters to the objective functions. Mathematically, sensitivity of an objective function with respect to a design variable is the partial derivative of that function with respect to its variables. Sensitivity information is interpreted using the mathematical definition of derivatives, namely positive sensitivity values imply an increment in the objective function by a small change in design process parameter, whereas negative values state the opposite [39]. Analysis of variance technique was used to check the adequacy of the developed empirical relationship. The sensitivity Eqs. (3) and (4) represent the sensitivity on efficiency and power factor for magnet width, magnet thickness, rotor pole parameters D1, O1 and Rib, respectively.
IMG
Sensitivity is analyzed using the partial derivatives as Eqs. (3) and (4). To evaluate sensitivities, each input parameter should be varied while keeping all other input parameters constant to see how the output parameters react to these variations. The variation rate of a design parameter is defined as
IMG
where Δ x represents the variation of a variable and the range of the value of this variable is ( x max, x min). When the R x changes from 10 to 100%, for the design parameters discussed, the rates of change for the objective functions are shown in Figure 11. According to the sensitivity results the parameters D1, and O1 shows larger impact on the value of frequency and power factor than magnet dimensions w and t. Considering the changes of efficiency and power factor, the sensitivity of undertaken design parameters of PMSM can be ranked as follows: the parameter O1 is more sensitive followed by D1, Rib, t and w on the response of efficiency. Similarly the parameter D1 is more sensitive followed by O1, t, Rib and w on the response of power factor. Results also reveal that the parameters D1 and t have positive sensitivity on efficiency and other parameters have negative sensitivity. The magnet width w has positive impact on the power factor and other parameters have negative impact on the power factor.
IMG
Figure 11(a):
Sensitivity analysis of the power factor of 1.07 kW PMSM.
IMG
Figure 11(b):
Sensitivity analysis of the efficiency of 1.07 kW PMSM.
6 Experimental validation
The experiment on 1.07 kW PMSM having a rated speed of 4000 rpm, mechanically coupled with a DC generator was performed for validation of PMSM model designed in ANSYS Maxwell software. The experimental set up and circuit diagram are shown in Figure 12. In the experiments, three speeds viz., 2700, 3000, and 3300 rpm were selected and the corresponding line voltage, line current, and input power at 25% load, 50% load, 75% load, full load, and 110% load were measured. All the measurements of current, voltage, input power, and power factor were made using Fluke 1738 Power Logger. The PMSM is loaded indirectly by loading the mechanically coupled DC generator using lamp loads. The generated EMF and armature current of DC generator are also measured using voltmeter and ammeter, respectively. The generated EMF and armature current values were used to calculate the output power.
IMG
Figure 12(a):
Speed control of PMSM using FPGA controller.
IMG
Figure 12(b):
A view of experimental setup.
IMG
Figure 12(c):
Mechanically coupled PMSM and DC machine.
IMG
Figure 12(d):
Lamp load.
Performance parameters such as efficiency and torque were calculated using Eqs. (6) and (7), respectively.
IMG
where P out is the output power of PMSM and P in is the input power to the PMSM. N is the speed of motor in rpm. These results were compared with the experimental results for validating the performance of the PMSM in Table 4.
Table 4:
Comparison of experimental line current with simulation line current under full load condition.
IMG
Table 4 compares line currents for phase A (Ia), phase B (Ib), and phase C (Ic) obtained experimentally with simulation results. The percentage difference between experimental and simulation results of line current for phase A at 2700 rpm was found to be 9.26% while at the same speed for phase B and C were 7.17 and 9.74%, respectively. The minimum difference of 0.624% was seen for a speed of 3300 rpm in phase C. In other cases except for phase A, the percentage difference lies below 8%. A higher percentage difference in experimental and simulation line currents is seen in phase A. This may be due to low current measured in phase A as compared to the current measured in phase B and phase C. As the same equipment was used for measuring current in all three phases, this difference was may be because of improper functioning of current transformer (CT) used in the equipment for measurement of current in phase A. This conclusion is made from repeated recording of experimental data for same speed, and a similar type of result was obtained each time. Another possible reason for difference in measured current and simulation current for phase A may be because of unbalanced loading. This conclusion is drawn after comparing the currents of the three phases for different load levels and different speed. The current in phase A is lesser in each case as compared to the current in phase B and phase C.
The effect of speed on line current is shown in Figure 13. Figure shows that both experimental and simulation line currents linearly decreases with speed. The lowest current was seen in phase A both in experimental and simulation results. The line current in phase B and phase C were very close to each other both in experimental and simulation results.
IMG
Figure 13:
Comparison of experimental and simulation line current at different speeds.
The efficiency of the PMSM was measured by experimental analysis and was compared with the efficiency results obtained in ANSYS Maxwell after simulation as shown in Figures 14 and 15. The absolute percentage difference of experimentally calculated efficiency and simulation efficiency for 2700 rpm was 0.85% whereas at 3000 and 3300 rpm, the absolute percentage differences came out to be 0.89 and 0.84%, respectively. The efficiency of PMSM of same capacity and slightly different capacities at different operating speed available in literature are included for comparison. The variations in efficiencies observed are due to difference in PMSM capacities and operating conditions. The results of 1.07 kW capacity or near to 1.07 kW capacity operated at investigated speed are found to be very closed to the present results. This shows the wide application of designed PMSM over a wide range of speed with efficiency much better than that of induction motor. This shows that PMSM can effectively be used in applications requiring higher efficiency over a wide range of speeds such as in electric vehicles, aircraft engine starter and even in cutters and grinders.
IMG
Figure 14:
Experimental and simulation efficiency of PMSM at different speeds.
IMG
Figure 15:
Comparison of efficiency at different load torque.
The experimental and simulation load torque for different speeds under full load are compared in Figure 16 which reveals that the difference between experimental and simulation load torques decreases as the speed increases. The maximum difference of 4.89% was observed at 2700 rpm while at other two speeds the percentage differences were less than 1%. Due to significant improvement of efficiency and power factor in the optimized PMSM, the designed PMSM is more suitable for low load and high speed applications such as blowers, material handing equipments, home appliances and robotics [46], [, 47]. The designed permanent motor synchronous machine can also be suitable for hybrid vehicles of low power capacity [41].
IMG
Figure 16:
Experimental and simulation load torque for different speeds under full load.
7 Conclusions
In this study, the Taguchi method and response surface method were used to determine the magnet and rotor size for optimal PMSM efficiency and power factor. The following conclusions are drawn from simulation and experimental observation:
L16 orthogonal array (OA) was used in Taguchi method to optimize the magnet width w and thickness t, and magnet position parameters i.e., D1, O1, and Rib. On the basis of the results of S/N ratio for power factor and efficiency the optimum solutions are found as w = 20 mm, t = 7.38 mm, D1 = 64 mm, O1 = 23 mm and Rib = 0.5 mm for design of 1.07 kW capacity PMSM.
The result of the different performance parameters of designed PMSM is achieved in ANSYS Simplorer. The PMSM designed in ANSYS Maxwell was co-simulated with the drive system designed in ANSYS Simplorer.
The parameters D1 and O1 shows larger impact on the frequency and power factor than magnet dimensions w and t. O1 is more sensitive followed by D1, Rib, t and w on the response of efficiency whereas D1 is more sensitive followed by O1, t, Rib and w on the response of power factor.
The validation of the simulated results of 1.07 kW PMSM designed in ANSYS Maxwell software and the drive system in ANSYS Simplorer software was compared with the experimental results. All experiments were conducted on 1.07 kW PMSM similar to the optimized one at three speeds viz., 2700, 3000, and 3300 rpm and the corresponding line voltage, line current, and input power at 25% load, 50% load, 75% load, full load, and 110% load were measured to calculate performance parameters.
The percentage difference between experimental and simulation results of line current for phase A, B and C at 2700 lies below 10%. At higher speeds the percentage difference is found to be less than 7% except phase A. The absolute percentage difference of experimentally calculated efficiency and simulation efficiency for 2700, 3000 and 3300 rpm were 0.85, 0.89 and 0.84%, respectively.
The proposed methodology made use of efficient computational resource, i.e., RMxprt tool of the ANSYS Maxwell software for obtaining the real time solutions. Designing the machine in RMxprt saves a lot of simulation time as compared to other tools. The model designed in RMxprt can be easily converted to 2D model in ANSYS.
7.1 Future scope
The sensitivity of the controller and optimization technique may be taken as a future scope of study for the performance enhancement of permanent magnet synchronous motors.