Project 2

1.Student can consider Gastrology system , Urinary System and Homeostasis condition?

Ans)

The gastrointestinal system includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

It also includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help the body digest food and liquids.

Polyps and cancer:-

A colon polyp is a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. Most colon polyps are harmless. But over time, some colon polyps can develop into colon cancer.

Colon cancer can be fatal when found in its later stages.

Anyone can develop colon polyps. You're at higher risk if you are 50 or older, are overweight or are a smoker.

You're also at higher risk if you have a personal or family history of colon polyps or colon cancer.

Symptoms

• Change in bowel habits
• Change in stool color
• Pain
• Rectal bleeding

Digestive System Pathologies: Common Diseases and Disorders:-

• Gallstones Form When Substances in the Bile Harden. ...
• Straining to Have a Bowel Movement Can Cause Hemorrhoids. ...
• Ulcerative Colitis Causes Inflammation and Sores in the Colon and Rectum

An upper endoscopy, also called an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, is a procedure used to visually examine your upper digestive system. This is done with the help of a tiny camera on the end of a long, flexible tube. A specialist in diseases of the digestive system (gastroenterologist) uses an endoscopy to diagnose and sometimes treat conditions that affect the upper part of the digestive system.

The medical term for an upper endoscopy is esophagogastroduodenoscopy. You may have an upper endoscopy done in your health care provider's office, an outpatient surgery center or a hospital

The upper digestive system includes the esophagus, stomach and beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).

GASTROSCOPE

GASTROSCOPY is an examination of the inside of the gullet, stomach and duodenum. It is performed by using a thin, flexible fibre optic instrument that is passed through the mouth and allows the doctor to see whether there is any damage to the lining of the oesophagus (gullet) or stomach, and whether there are any ulcers in the stomach or duodenum.

Gastroscope

The gastroscope is a flexible plastic tube approximately four feet long and one half inch wide. The gastroscope contains optic fibers with a light source that allow the gastroscope to function like a video camera.

The use of the gastroscope is esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD. An EGD is done when the doctor suspects that there is a problem with the swallowing tube, stomach, or small intestine. In the ICU, the two most common reasons for the using the gastroscope are to evaluate a patient suspected of bleeding from the stomach or intestines and to help place a gastrostomy tube. Occasionally, a special gastroscope is used for patients who may have an inflamed pancreas or blocked gallbladder drainage system.

Your provider may recommend an endoscopy procedure to:

Investigate symptoms. An endoscopy can help determine what's causing digestive signs and symptoms, such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Diagnose. An endoscopy offers an opportunity to collect tissue samples (biopsy) to test for diseases and conditions that may be causing anemia, bleeding, inflammation or diarrhea. It can also detect some cancers of the upper digestive system.

Treat. Special tools can be passed through the endoscope to treat problems in your digestive system.

Your provider will give you specific instructions to prepare for your endoscopy.

Fast before the endoscopy. You'll typically need to stop eating solid food for eight hours and stop drinking liquids for four hours before your endoscopy. This is to ensure your stomach is empty for the procedure.

Stop taking certain medications. You'll need to stop taking certain blood-thinning medications in the days before your endoscopy,

Blood thinners may increase your risk of bleeding if certain procedures are performed during the endoscopy.

During an upper endoscopy procedure, you'll be asked to lie down on a table on your back or on your side.

Monitors often are attached to your body.

You may receive a sedative medication.

An anesthetic may be used in your mouth.

Then the endoscope is inserted in your mouth.

Gastroscopy – viewing of the stomach. Used to check for ulcers, bleeding or tumours.

LOOKING AT PROBLEMS FOUND ON IMAGING TESTS:

Imaging tests such as CT scans can sometimes show physical changes within the body.

But these tests may only give information about the size, shape, and location of the

problem. Doctors can use endoscopy to see more details such as color and surface

texture, when trying to find out what’s going on.

After the endoscopy

You'll be taken to a recovery area to sit or lie quietly after your endoscopy. You may stay for an hour or so. During this time, your health care team can monitor you as the sedative begins to wear off.

Once you're at home, you may experience some mildly uncomfortable symptoms after endoscopy, such as:

• Bloating and gas
• Cramping
• Sore throat

These signs and symptoms will improve with time. If you're concerned or quite uncomfortable, call your health care provider.

Take it easy for the rest of the day after your endoscopy. After receiving a sedative, you may feel alert, but your reaction times are affected and judgment is delayed.

Results

When you receive the results of your endoscopy will depend on your situation. If, for instance, the endoscopy was performed to look for an ulcer, you may learn the findings right after your procedure. If a tissue sample (biopsy) was collected, you may need to wait a few days to get results from the testing laboratory. Ask your provider when you can expect the results of your endoscopy.

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND (ESU) is a procedure in which a small transducer on the tip of an endoscope is inserted into the mouth or rectum. By putting the transducer on the tip of the endoscope, it can get closer to the area where the tumor is to take pictures. It is used to get information about problems in the digestive tract and surrounding organs. Because the transducer is close to the organ being studied, it can make very detailed pictures. EUS can be used to see how deeply a tumor may have penetrated into the rectum or esophagus, or into an organ like the pancreas. It can also help show whether certain lymph nodes are enlarged. EUS can also help a doctor guide a needle into a lymph node or other suspicious area to do biopsy.

2. Consider Respiration system , cardiovascular system

Ans ) Respiration system

Ans ) The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon dioxide.

”Ventilator” means?

Vent=an opening allowing gas to pass into or out of.

Ventilator=a device that assists the passing of gas into and of the lungs.

Definition of ventilator

A medical ventilator may be defined as any machine designed to mechanically move breathable air into and out of the lungs, to provide the mechanism of breathing for a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently.

What does it do?

The ventilator forces a mixture of air and oxygen into the lungs periodically to enable and assist in the vital transfer of gases into and out of the blood via the lungs when the patient is unable to breathe correctly on their own.

How it works?

It mixes oxygen and air to required levels and then delivers it to the patient via special tubing called a “breathing circuit”.

The gas from the ventilator is humidified and heated in the breathing circuit before it goes to the patient.

The ventilator increases the pressure in the breathing circuit so that the air is pushed into the lungs for inspiration.

The ventilator reduces the pressure so that the air in the lungs can be expired and the expired air is vented to atmosphere

Numerous ventilator parameters are adjustable and are determined by the doctor prior to attachment and during operation on the patient. All ventilator settings are made by Rotary dial.

Flow and pressure are continuously measured by transducers and controlled by a feedback system in the patient unit. The information is compared with the user interface settings, and a difference between the actual measured valve and the preset/calculated values will cause adjusted gas delivery according to the target Flow/Volume/Pressure.

Ventilator has two gas modules, one for air and one for oxygen. Gas can be connected from Medical Pipeline system, a compressor or gas Cylinders. Air can be supplied by a Compressor.

Cardiovascular system

which is made up of your heart and blood vessels, is a crucial part of your body. When your cardiovascular system is working right, the cells in your body get a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients from your blood. Blood vessels also remove carbon dioxide and other waste

Diagnostic and therapeutic method:

ECMO Stand for

Extracorporeal: outside the body

Membrane: a type of artificial lung

Oxygenation: the process of getting oxygen into the blood

The ECMO machine is similar to the heart-lung bypass machine used for open heart surgery. Extra corporeal means ‘outside the body’, and a membrane oxygenator is a piece of equipment which delivers oxygen into your child’s blood.

Therefore, ECMO is the use of an artificial lung (membrane) located outside the body, (extra corporeal) that puts oxygen into the blood (oxygenation) and continuously pumps this blood into and around the body.

Purpose of ECMO:

ECMO is used patient with severe heart (cardiac) or lung (respiratory) failure.

Respiratory ECMO

In patient with very severe lung disease which is not responding to the usual treatment of mechanical ventilation (breathing machine), medicines and extra oxygen, ECMO can take over the function of the patient’s lungs, allowing them time to rest and heal.

Cardiac ECMO

In patient with very poor cardiac function, ECMO can take over the work of the patient heart. This provides time for the heart to rest and recover, while maintaining a good blood supply to the brain and other organs in the body.

Cardiac ECMO may be needed after open heart surgery, when the heart may be swollen, unable to maintain a high enough blood pressure or have an irregular rhythm. It may also be needed due to an infection affecting the heart muscle (myocarditis) or heart muscle failure (myopathy) where the heart cannot pump blood around the body effectively.

The importance of ECMO?

The goal of ECMO is to insure that your child's body has enough oxygen by taking over the workload of reversible heart and/or lung disorders. ECMO will not heal your child's heart or the lungs, but it will allow time for them to rest and recover. Your child can be on ECMO for several days to a few weeks. When the heart or the lungs have healed and can work on their own, the support from ECMO is gradually removed. Children with severe but reversible heart or lung disorders that have not responded to the usual treatments of mechanical ventilation, medications and oxygen therapy are candidates for ECMO.

Working principle:

How does ECMO work?

The ECMO machine is made up of several parts: a pump, an artificial lung, a blood warmer and various monitoring components. The ECMO machine takes blue blood (without oxygen) out of the right side of the heart and pumps it through the artificial lung (oxygenator). The blood is now red blood (with oxygen). This blood is then warmed before it is returned to the child.