Part 1

1. Describe one common clinical condition or disorder associated with the system selected ( Minimum 3 clinical condition / disorder with respect to each system )

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts develop primarily within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose function over time.
Cysts are noncancerous round sacs containing fluid.

The cysts vary in size, and they can grow very large. Having many cysts or large cysts can damage your kidneys.

Polycystic kidney disease can also cause cysts to develop in your liver and elsewhere in your body.

The disease can cause serious complications, including high blood pressure and kidney failure.PKD varies greatly in its severity, and some complications are preventable. Lifestyle changes and treatments might help reduce damage to your kidneys from complications.

Symptoms

• High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
• Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
• Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart

Lithotripsy:-

Lithotripsy treats kidney stones by sending focused ultrasonic energy or shock waves directly to the stone first located with fluoroscopy (a type of X-ray “movie”) or ultrasound (high frequency sound waves). The shock waves break a large stone into smaller stones that will pass through the urinary system

2. Describe the common disorders in association with the organ

Epilepsy and other seizure disorders

Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of awareness.

Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.

Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others repeatedly twitch their arms or legs. Having a single seizure doesn't mean you have epilepsy. At least two seizures without a known trigger (unprovoked seizures) that happen at least 24 hours apart are generally required for an epilepsy diagnosis.

• Tonic seizures.Tonic seizures cause stiff muscles and may affect consciousness. These seizures usually affect muscles in your back, arms and legs and may cause you to fall to the ground.
• Atonic seizures.Atonic seizures, also known as drop seizures, cause a loss of muscle control. Since this most often affects the legs, it often causes you to suddenly collapse or fall down.
• Clonic seizures.Clonic seizures are associated with repeated or rhythmic, jerking muscle movements. These seizures usually affect the neck, face and arms.

3. Describe the management and treatment plan utilized in the disorder.

Ans )

Inguinal hernia repair.

Inguinal hernias can be repaired using surgery to push the bulge back into place and strengthen the weakness in the abdominal wall.

The operation is usually recommended if you have a hernia that causes pain, severe or persistent symptoms, or if any serious complications develop.

Inguinal hernias are when the small intestine bulges through a weak area in the lower abdominal muscles.

An inguinal hernia occurs in the groin. Surgical repair pulls the intestine back to its original location.

4. Describe the surgical management of the disorder

These factors include:

• obesity,
• smoking,
• alcohol use,
• a high fat diet, and

Surgical Treatments of GERD

Surgical therapy is also an option for the treatment of GERD. The main indication for surgical therapy is failure of medical management when symptoms persist despite appropriate medical therapy. Another indication for antireflux surgery is personal preference. Some people do not want to take lifelong acid suppression medication or have too many side-effects from these medications and may want to consider antireflux surgery.

Several tests are necessary to determine if a person is a good candidate for antireflux surgery. The purpose of these studies is to:

• identify objective evidence of reflux,
• correlate reflux with symptoms, and
• evaluate for other coexisting diseases that may be contributing to symptoms.

• Upper Endoscopy:- An upper endoscopy or EGD involves placing a small camera through the mouth and into the upper gastrointestinal tract allowing evaluation of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine (duodenum)
• 24-Hour pH Test: - A pH study involves a thin, soft silastic tube (catheter) inserted through a patient’s nose and into the distal esophagus above the LES.
• Esophageal Impedance pH Study:- the 24-hour esophageal impedance study for evaluation of reflux in certain patients, which involves the same procedure described above (a tube passed through the nose into the esophagus)
• Manometry :- Esophageal manometry measures the motor or contractile function of the LES and the esophagus.

5. Self study on recent advances in the field

Ans) Lithotripsy

What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy?

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a technique for treating stones in the kidney and ureter that does not require surgery.

Instead, high energy shock waves are passed through the body and used to break stones into pieces as small as grains of sand. Because of their small size, these pieces can pass from the body along with the urine.

What does the treatment involve?

There are two ways to remove stones using shock wave treatment. In one method, the patient is placed in a tub of lukewarm water. Using x-rays or ultrasound to pinpoint the location of the stones, the body is positioned so that the stones are targeted precisely.

In the second, more common method, the patient lies on top of a soft cushion or membrane through which the waves pass. About 1-2 thousand shock waves are needed to crush the stones. The complete treatment takes about 45 to 60 minutes.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this treatment?

The main advantage of this treatment is that many patients may be treated for kidney stones without surgery. As a result, complications, hospital stays, costs and recovery time are reduced. Unfortunately, not all types of kidney stones can be treated this way.

In addition, stone fragments are occasionally left in the body and additional treatments are needed.

Part B

cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone

The main blood supply is derived from one or more nutrient arteries, which penetrate to the medulla and connect to the smaller periosteal arterial supply to enable perfusion of cortical bone

• You have missing teeth or a missing tooth
• You have loose dentures