Project 2

LUNG

Lung is the part of respiratory system. It is used in exchange of gases.

Our body has two lungs. Right and left. Left lung is slightly smaller compared to right lung.

Each lung is conical in shape - having apex, base, 3 borders(anterior, posterior and inferior) & 2 surfaces(costal & medial).

It contains hilum in its centre.

Right lung is divided by 2 fissures(oblique & horizontal) and into 3 lobes.

Left lung is divided by single oblique fissure and into 2 lobes.

Each lobe in divided into 10 bronchopulmnory system.

Function of lung

The respiratory system starts from nasal cavity, where air is breathed in and passes throuh pharynx (Throat) and enters larynx(voice box) thus goes into treachea(wind pipe) and ends in parts of lungs.

After treachea the air passes to bronchal trea of either lungs and into hilum(long depressed area in centre of medial surface) further proceeds into bronchi/broncules.

Each bronchiole rise to alveolar duct and turn to alveolar sac.

Alveoli is the place where exchane of gas happens. The deoxygenated blood from right ventrium of the heart chamber reaches the lung through pulmnary artery and after the exchange of gases. The oxygenated blood through pulmnaryu veins goes to left ventrium of the heart reaches all body parts through arota.

An average lung has 100-150million alveoli

Mechanism of breathing

There are 2 zones involved in breathing.

Conducting zone (from nose to bronchioles) and Respiratory zone(between Alveolar duct to alveoli - exchagne of gas)

Breath Volumes

On an average adult has 12-18 breaths per minute(bpm) and children has 18-20bpm.

Tidal Volume - Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during one respiratoru cycle.

Inspiratory Reserve volume(IRV) - Amount of air forcefully inhaled after Tidal volume.

Expiratory Reserve volume(ERV) - Amount of air forcefully exhaled after exhale Tidal volume.

Resudial volume(RV) - Air this is always present in lung even after forceful exhalation.

Lunch capacity - Tidal volume + IRV + ERV + RV

Vital Capacity - TV+ IRV+ ERV

Pathological condions of lungs

Abnormal in the anatomy or in the regular function in the lungs includes

Asthma, Lung cancer, pneumonia, pulmnory edema, chronic bronchitis, pulmnory fibrosis etc...

Lung Cancer

Abnormal growth of cells and its mutation causes tumor cells.

Lung cancer usually happens in bronchioles or alveoli sacs.

They are of 2 types - Non-small cell (very common) and small cell (comparitivly small but hard to treat).

Based on the size and the area it has cancerous cells are influenced the cancer is divided into 5 stages - stage 0 to stage IV.

Symptoms

Typically doesn't cause symptoms on earlier stages. As condition advances the symptoms include.... Non stopable cough, coughing out blood, chest pain, breath shortness, bone pain, headache, weight loss, wheezing etc....

Causes

Smoking, exposure to various airpollitions - asbestos, radon, uranium, radiations on chest, gentical etc....

Diagnosis

CT scan, sputum cytology, biopsy, broncscopy, MRI scan etc....

Bronchoscopy - A thin flexible scope is sent in via mouth/nose to reach the lungs for analysis.

Bronchoscope along with builtin ultra sound(endobronchial ultrasound(EBUS)) used to check lumph node in chest This is also used to check if the cancer is spread.

CURE

Treating lung cancer includes - surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, radiosurgery, targeted radio therapy, immunotherapy,. . .

Post surgical care

After the surgery - the normal condition must be checked continuously and must be reported in case of abnormality.

Units to measure includes - breath rate, blood oxygen levels, relaxed breathing etc...