Project 1

Part A

1. Respiratory system

common clinical conditons are Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Chronic Bronchitis, Lung Cancer, Cystic, Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis, Pneumonia.

Asthma

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) major non-communicable condition that affects the airways in the lungs.

Lungs

Respiratory tract

Parts of the lung

Blood supply of the lung

Nerves of the lung

Asthma

Asthma makes our airways narrow and swell which also produce extra mucous. It makes breathing difficult with cough and sound while breathing.

Some common cause

Allergies, air pollution,respiratory infections, weather and air temperature and some medicines also cause asthma.

Diagnostic tool

Blood eosinophil count, FeNO test - by measuring nitric oxide in our breath, spirometry - to measure the breath holding rate and fastness to breath out.

Spirometry

Surgical Procedure of Asthma

Bronchial thermoplasty along with other therapies helps in treating asthma. Heat is used to shrink the smooth muscles in the lung thus it avoids tighting that which is a cause asthma symtom.

Inhalers and nebulizers are the most common devices for administering asthma drugs.

Recent Advancement

Brightling says blood tests can provide helpful information on eosinophils and other immune system players that give rise to a person's asthma symptoms.

Part B

The bones in your skull can be divided into

cranial bones, which form our cranium, and

facial bones, which makes our face.

Anatomy of bone

Bone re-modelling & New bone formation

There are 3 types of bone cells

Osteocytes - These are mature bone cells

Osteoblast - These are bone forming cells

Osteoclasts - They are bone destroying cells for re-modelling - Breakdown of bone matrix and release calcium

Bone remodelling happens in process by both cytes and blasts.

There are 3 process for remodelling - resorption (where osteoclasts digest old bone) ->reversal (mononuclear cells appear on bone surface) -> formation (osteoblasts lay down new bone till the resorbed bone is completely replaced).

Ossification is formation of new bones.

Ossification begins at one point and spreads out in radial manner.

There are 2 centres of ossification - Primary & Secondary

Primary ossification happens before birth and Secondary after birth.

Bone Implant

Stainless steel was and continues to be the choice material for a wide range of orthopedic implants.

Indication for the bone implant- Prevent bone loss, Improve Psycological health,

Contraindications for the bone implant -

Bone disease, Immune system disorder, Allergies, lack of willingness to cooperate,