Introduction to National Building Code and Steps in a Construction project

Ans 1

For our purposes here, when the term 'standards' is used, it refers to the overall system and level of quality the system is attempting to attain. 'Requirement' indicates a topic that is not optional, whereas 'guideline' indicates a recommendation but one that may be optional.

Generally, a BIM manual is not enough to outline all the topics that should be addressed for an organization. Some topics are better addressed as requirements while others are more suited to guidelines. Some standards can be addressed in content while others may take training.

Complete BIM standards are typically made up of a system with multiple subsystems. To be successful, the system will need administration in terms of implementation and enforcement.

Ans 2

Building code compliance checking is a challenging task in building design, which needs to be monitored and maintained throughout the design and construction process. Existing BIM software tools are unable to explicitly rationalize how a building component or system selected by a designer affects the overall project with respect to building codes and regulations.

This makes it difficult for the designer to determine when and how to adjust the design object in the case of design changes so that the overall project complies with the building codes.

This paper outlines a framework for a collaborative building design environment where all project participants, during the design process, are able to keep track of the status of code compliance of their designs using BIM technology.

The tool will assist designers in ensuring the code compliance in their designs and in exploring alternative building code-based designs during the design process.

Ans 3

A Project Management life cycle is a five-step framework planned to assist project managers in completing projects successfully.

The primary competency of a project manager is to gain a thorough understanding of project management stages. Knowledge and planning for the five Project Management steps will help you plan and organize your projects so that it goes off without any hitches.

1. Project Initiation

Project initiation is the first Project Management life cycle phase, where the project starts. It provides an overview of the project, along with the strategies required to attain desired results. It is the phase where the feasibility and business value of the project are determined.

The project manager kicks off a meeting to understand the client and stakeholders’ requirements, goals, and objectives. It is essential to go into minute details to have a better understanding of the project. Upon making a final decision to proceed, the project can move on to the next step: that is, assembling a project team.

2. Project Planning

A lot of planning related to the project takes place during this phase. On defining project objectives, it is time to develop a project plan for everyone to follow.

The planning phase frames a set of plans which help to guide your team through the implementation phase and closing phase. The program created at this point will surely help you to manage cost, quality, risk, changes, and time.

The project plan developed should include all the essential details related to the project goals and objectives and should also detail how to achieve them. It is the most complex phase in which project managers take care of operational requirements, design limitations, and functional requirements.

3. Project Execution

Project execution is the phase where project-related processes are implemented, tasks are assigned, and resources are allocated. The method also involves building deliverables and satisfying customer requirements. Project managers or team leaders accomplish the task through resource allocation and by keeping the team members focused.

The team involved will start creating project deliverables and seek to achieve project goals and objectives as outlined in the project plan. This phase determines whether your project will succeed or not. The success of the project mainly depends on the project execution phase. The final project, deliverable also takes shape during the project execution phase.

4. Project Monitoring and Control

The project monitoring and control phase is all about measuring the performance of the project and tracking progress. It is implemented during the execution phase. The main goal of this phase is to check whether everything aligns with the Project Management plan, especially concerning financial parameters and timelines.

5. Project Closure

With much time and effort invested in the project planning, it is often forgotten that the final phase of the Project Management life cycle phases is equally important.

The project closure phase represents the final phase of the Project Management life cycle, which is also known as the “follow-up” phase. Around this time, the final product is ready for delivery.

Ans 4

Construction

Construction on Douglas Dam Managing the building of civil engineering systems from cradle to grave to include coordination between the owner, contractor and designer.

Finance and Estimating

A records keeper with long spool of paper Operating in the business world to include accounting, financial contracts and estimating the cost of activities.

Contracts and Bids

Senior Day capstone presentation Demonstrating strong bidding practices and effective contract administration is integral to acquiring the next job or project as a construction manager.

Geotechnical

Quarry Visitor Center Designing foundations and earthwork systems to support soil itself and transfer loads from structures into the earth while limiting settlements.

Management

A student uses sieves in soil mechanics Managing equipment, personnel and supplies to build more effectively, efficiently and economically.

Structural

Oakland Bay Bridge from beneath Designing systems of structural members used to support loads for a specified public function such as bridges, buildings, dams and bell towers.

Surveying

Geomatics Total Station Measuring physical features to include horizontal distances and elevation differences to determine property lines, lay out buildings and produce maps.

Ans 5

According to the National Building Code of India (2005), buildings are classified, based on occupancy, as follows:

Group A: Residential buildings -- four unit appartment

Group B: Educational buildings--School with capacity of 1000 students

Group C: Institutional buildings

Group D: Assembly buildings

Group E: Business buildings--Multi story Shopping complex

Group F: Mercantile buildings--A single unit shop.

Group G: Industrial buildings--Steel machine factory

Group H: Storage buildings

Group I: Hazardous buildings

Ans 6

What is the Design Team?

The design team for construction projects consists of an architect and engineers. Often, the team itself may consist of an architectural firm and an engineering firm which themselves employ several architects or engineers. On smaller projects, you may simply have one architect or engineer who is tasked with your project. Each of these groups can have individuals that specialize in specific areas of design or engineering.

The Role of Construction Project Management in the Design Process.

One of the roles of the project manager during the design process is to facilitate the flow of information between other entities involved in the process. This includes the client, architects, and engineers.

At a certain point, this may also include bringing a general contractor on board and incorporating them into design discussions. Like other parts of construction projects, in order to be effective, project management teams must be familiar with the design process as a whole.

They must understand where problems might arise and work to mitigate those problems as efficiently as possible. The project manager is also responsible for ensuring that each team member has a clear understanding of the project budget and schedule. This will help ensure that the design will progress within the project budget and time constraints.

Project managers are typically engaged throughout the design process. The design phase occupies a significant portion of the preconstruction phase. Design considerations can impact the project timeline and budget and may require the project manager to revise the project’s strategic plan.

Ans 7

The NBC defines residential buildings as constructions ‘in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking or dining or both facilities, except any building classified under Group C’.

As per the National Building Code of India, residential buildings include any building that is equipped with sleeping accommodation for normal residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities.

Residential buildings are classified into the following categories:

• Lodging or rooming houses.
• One or two-family private dwellings.
• Dormitories.
• Apartment houses or flats.
• Hotels.

NBC guidelines related to kitchens

Every kitchen must have provision for washing utensils, with proper connection to drainage.

The kitchen must be provided with an impermeable floor.

The kitchen must open into an interior or exterior open space and should not be less than one sq metre.

The kitchen should not open into a shaft.

No chutes to be used in buildings above 15 metres.

NBC guidelines related to bathrooms

One of the walls should have an opening to the open air. Minimum ventilation or window space should be provided measuring up to 0.37 sq metres.

A bathroom must always be over another bathroom or washing place or the terrace space and not over another room. Watertight floors can be an exception to this rule.

The seat should be made of non-absorbent material.

Bathrooms should be enclosed by partitions/walls, provided with an impervious surface with a height prescribed as not less than one metre.

The floor covering should be impervious too but sloping towards the drain and not towards any other room or balcony space.

A room provided with a water closet is to be used as a toilet only. These rooms must be provided with flush cisterns.

If there is a toilet on the terrace with a height of 2.2 metres, it should be counted in the Floor Area Ratio (FAR).

In the absence of a sewage outlet, a septic tank must be provided.

NBC guidelines related to lofts

Apart from shops, lofts are permitted in residential buildings only.

The area of the loft should be restricted to 25% of the covered area.

The height between the loft and ceiling should not be less than 1.75 metres.

NBC guidelines related to basements

The minimum height of the basement should be 2.5 metres and the maximum height 4.5 metres.

The ceiling height should be a minimum of 0.9 metres and maximum of 1.2 metres above the road surface.

Ventilation is must for the basement and could be in the form of blowers, exhaust fans, air-conditioning, etc.

Surface drainage should not enter the basement.

The basement’s walls and floors must be water-proof.

The basement should not be accessed directly from the road. It should be accessed only from the main entrance.

NBC guidelines related to garages

The plinth of the garage at ground level should not be less than 15 cms.

Garages should not block access to the building in any way. It should be behind the building line of the street or road. In case it is not, the authority may even discontinue its use as a garage or suggest other alterations.

Guidelines related to building sites

In case of damp sites, the surface of the ground and space between the walls has to be declared damp-proof, to the satisfaction of the authority.

NBC guidelines regarding fire safety

In large-sized buildings where accidents due to fire may not be easily noticed, automatic fire detection and alarm facilities are a must and should be provided. Not just this, such buildings should be provided with and protected by fire extinguishers, wet risers, automatic sprinkler installations, etc. These shall be in accordance with the set standards.

Ans 8

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