Sketch a G+1 residential plan according to Vaastu Shastra and Calculation of Loads as per IS code
Ans 1.
Types of Drawings Used in Building Design
Listed below are the majority of the construction drawings. All the types of construction drawings can be segregated into the following sets of drawings:
• Architectural Drawings
• Structural Drawings
• HVAC Drawings
• Electrical & Plumbing Drawings
• Firefighter Drawings
• Miscellaneous Drawings
• Architectural Drawings
Architectural drawings are the technical representation of a building that is made prior to the beginning of the construction process. They are made with lines, projections and are based on a scale. Different types of architectural drawings include:
1. Site Plan
A Site Plan is an aerial view of the construction site that includes the primary building and its adjoining constructions. Among its wide applications, we can include construction drawings for building improvement, understanding the scope of construction activities. Along with it, it helps identify the topography of the building including roads, pavements, etc.
2. Floor Plan
These are an in-depth version of the room layout. Floor plans are made irrespective of the fact that they are to be utilized during the construction of a home, shop, or a commercial project. Applications include an understanding of the dimensions and different kinds of installments. This helps get an idea about the usage of the limited room space.
3. Cross Section
Cross sections allow the architect to look at the different components of a building vertically. This 2-dimensional imagery is useful to provide an overview of both the visible and hidden components in a building. Another type of cross-section is Wall cross-section that is useful to get a view of both sides of the wall.
4. Elevation
Elevations help an architect understand the facing of the building. It is useful to know about the direction of the sun and the wind corresponding to the building. They also indicate the height of the building, the external and internal marking which includes the doors and sizes of the windows too.
5. Landscape
The landscape plan is the aerial of the whole area in which the building is built. It includes the areas designated for trees, street lights, parks, pools, and everything else. Landscape plans are more often used to depict the external aesthetics of the building. You can also include in them the paths, roads, pavements, parking areas, and whatnot.
6. Finishing Drawing
The Finishing drawing has a close relationship with the elevation drawings as they also talk about the smaller details of a building. Among the various types of finishing drawings, you can include the patterns of the floor, type, and shape of false ceiling, paint colors, plaster, textures, and whatnot. They are important to maintain the aesthetic value of the structure.
7. Working Plan
The designers create working plans or construction plans for the contractors to help them understand the scope of the project. The benefits of such a plan include the convenience to fabricate the construction material according to the overall design. Working drawings also include a legend that provides information about the different components.
8. Section Drawings
As the name suggests, the section drawings show the structure in a sliced form. This kind of construction drawing helps identify the primary structures in relation to other surrounding structures of the building. Further, section drawings also provide information for the types of materials to be used in the construction.
10. Excavation Drawing
Excavation drawings are needed to know the length, depth, and the width of the building excavation. It talks about the extent of excavation, removal of soil, and the process of excavation. The different processes used for excavation comprises of trenching, wall shafts, tunneling, and others.
11. As-Built drawings
The As-built drawings provide a comparison between what has been built and the original plan. It may happen due to circumstantial conditions the contractors may have to change the construction pattern and design. The As-built drawings are made either during the construction process or after the construction is complete.
12. Line Plan
These are the single line depictions of the structure of a room. The lines are drawn exactly as the different configurations of the room will be. It has the sizes of the rooms, the position of the doors with proper labeling. A line plan provides an overview of how the whole room will be planned out.
• Structural Drawings
Structural Drawings are also called engineering drawings and they focus on the structural aspect of the building. These drawings are included in the proposal documents and act as a guide for the workforce.
17. Column Layout
Column layout reinforces the design and pattern of the columns of the whole structure. This plan is divided floor-wise and demarcates the exact size and distance between every column of the building. Column layout drawings further make it easier for the contractors to make sense of the whole building layout.
18. Plinth Beam Layout
Plinth beams are yet another form of beam structures that reinforce the support system of a building. The plinth beam layout drawings showcase the position, length, and sectional design of the plinth beams. Here too, the plinth beams drawings are also made floor wise.
19. Lintel Beam Layout
Lintel beams are yet another form of support structures that are made above the doors and windows. These are reinforced structures that are made to provide strength to the part of the building that is made above the windows and doors. In these kinds of drawings, you will find the correct positions, dimensions, and the number of lintel beams on every floor.
20. Roof Beam and Shuttering Layout
A roof beam is made to strengthen the building’s overall structure. A roof beam is a triangular structure that is usually made on the top of the building and supports the roof. Roof beams are usually made out of wood, but it can also be made from steel or concrete.
21. Roof Slab Layout
Roof slab layout is more prominently made in the AutoCAD architectural software. The main purpose of the roof slabs is to provide a detailed account of the floors, roof faces, and other such surfaces that require precise edge information.
22. Block Plan
A Block plan is therepresentation of a wider area that is in proximity to the main building under construction. A block plan may include the adjoining buildings, the roads, boundaries, and other such components. More importantly, a block plan is represented in scales, which also means that they cover a wide area.
23. Framing Plans
Framing plans are similar to the beam layouts. They offer information about the framework, sizes, and positions of the beams. Framing plans are helpful to the builders as they can easily understand and layout the plans for the roof, floor, and other such structures that are an essential part of a building.
• Electrical and Plumbing Drawings
Electrical drawings are the wiring diagrams and guides that provide information about the electrical circuits and other systems in a building. Plumbing drawings are similar to electrical drawings and they showcase the water outlets and the piping system of a building.
• IMAGE IS UPLOADED AS PDF FORMAT (created in AutoCAD exported as pdf.)
(And the same layout for the level 2 also.)
• LOAD CALCULATION
• COLUMN
We know that the Self-weight of Concrete is around 2400 kg/m3, which is equivalent to 24.54 kn/m3and the Self-weight of Steel is around 7850 kg/m3. ( Note: 1 Kilonewton Is Equal to 101.9716 Kilograms)
So, if we assume a column size of 300 mm x 600 mm with 1% steel and 2.55 (why 2.55 so, 3 m column hight – beam size) meters standard height, the self-weight of the column is around 1000 kg per floor, that id equal to 10 kN.
Size of column Height 2.55 m, Length = 300 mm, Width = 600 mm
Volume of Concrete = 0.30 x 0.60 x 2.55 =0.459 m³
Weight of Concrete = 0.459 x 2400 = 1101.60 kg
Weight of Steel (1%) in Concrete = 0.459 x 1% x 7850 = 36.03 kg
Total Weight of Column = 1101.60 + 36.03 = 1137.63 kg = 11.12 KN
• BEAM
We adopt the same method of calculations for beam also.
we assume each meter of the beam has dimensions of 300 mm x 600 mm excluding slab thickness.
Assume each (1m) meter of the beam has dimension
300 mm x 600 mm excluding slab.
Volume of Concrete = 0.30 x 0.60 x 1 =0.18 m³
Weight of Concrete = 0.18 x 2400 = 432 kg
Weight of Steel (2%) in Concrete = 0.18 x 2% x 7850 = 28.26 kg.
Total Weight of Column = 432 + 28.26 = 460.26 kg/m = 4.51 KN/m
So, the self-weight will be around 4.51 kN per running meter.
we know that the Density of bricks varies between 1800 to 2000 kg/m3.
For a 9 inch (230 mm) thick Brick wall of 2.55-meter height and a length of 1 meter,
The load / running meter to be equal to 0.230 x 1 x 2.55 x 2000 = 1173 kg/meter,
which is equivalent to 11.50 kN/meter.
This method can be adopted for load calculations of Brick per running meter for any brick type using this technique.
• SLAB
Let, Assume the slab has a thickness of 150 mm.
So, the Self-weight of each square meter of the slab would be
Slab Load Calculation = 0.150 x 1 x 2400 = 360 kg which is equivalent to 3.53 kN.
Now, If we consider the Floor Finishing load to be 1 kN per meter, superimposed live load to be 2 kN per meter, and Wind Load as per Is 875 Near about 2 kN per meter.
So, from the above data, we can estimate the slab load to be around 8 to 9 kN per square meter.