Identification of Cracks

1)What is the mode of failure or damage of the beams in the figure above? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate

ANS :

This image we can see that it is a damage of beam column joint and it is in the beam part .It occurs due to confining reinforcement failure and also due to insufficient vibration. And the repair can be done by providing proper cover at the joint and also various techniques like epoxy repair ,concrete jackets, FRC compounds.

ANS : This image shows a damage of column due to no proper plastering material .This can be repaired by removing some pieces at the surroundings and applying the shotcrete material by using various epoxy bonds adhesives.

ANS : This damage is a Beam column joint when rigid joint fails to consider the effects of high shear forces developed within the joint. The damage can be avoided by designing and detailing the care should be taken after the construction. It can be repaired but not completely and it may cause harmful nature to also later.

2)What is the mode of failure or damage of the beams in the figure above? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate

ANS : This image shows that failure of column due to buckling. Buckling occurs when an axially loaded column looses its stability.Buckling occurs at the midpoint of the column where the bending moment is maximum and the shear force is zero.To avoid this type of failure the reinforcement should be provide in that way that the lapping of all the reinforcement bars in a single column not meeting at the same point. The buckling can be prevented by using a larger cross-section or stiffer material.

ANS :This is image shows failure due to shear in columns.Short column posses high stiffness that attracts most of the force acting on the multi-story building. Inadequate design of short column to sustain these forces will result in damage and shear failure. This is mostly observed failure during the earthquake which occurs at the open ground floor levels.If short columns cannot be ignored, special design requirements are followed by using special confining reinforcement called the ductile reinforcement.

ANS : The image shows it a beam column joint. The column is misplaced after the concrete work and during the concrete was unable to set in the required dimension. So the uneven replacement of concrete caused the exposure of reinforcement.