Week-7 Head Impact

Introduction Often the most accurate representation of a part is through the use of shell elements.  These elements best represent parts that are relatively thin compared to their overall surface area and typically have a uniform thickness.  Shell elements have no physical thickness representation, they are displayed…

Introduction In geometry, a tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra or tetrahedrons), also known as a triangular pyramid, is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, six straight edges, and four vertex corners. The tetrahedron is the simplest of all the ordinary convex polyhedra and the only one that has fewer than 5 faces.…

Introduction: The hood (North American English) or bonnet (Commonwealth English) is the hinged cover over the engine of motor vehicles. Hoods can open to allow access to the engine compartment, or trunk (boot in Commonwealth English) on rear-engine and some mid-engine vehicles) for maintenance and repair. In recent years,…

Introduction: One of the most important techniques in CAE industry to reduce run time of an explicit analysis in FEA is “Mass Scaling” Main objective of this paper is to use mass scaling techniques to reduce the simulation run time and to ensure the stability of the simulation with mass scaling. With a mass…

Introduction: The hood (North American English) or bonnet (Commonwealth English) is the hinged cover over the engine of motor vehicles. Hoods can open to allow access to the engine compartment, or trunk (boot in Commonwealth English) on rear-engine and some mid-engine vehicles) for maintenance and repair. In recent years,…

Introduction to Head Injury Head injuries in pedestrian/automobile impacts are among the most common and most harmful of all pedestrian impact inquiries.  Field studies, experimental studies, and analytical simulations all show that when pedestrians are struck by the front of an automobile, they are generally thrust…

Introduction 1D elements are used for modeling line-type members such as columns, piers, beams or poles. 2D elements are commonly used for plate-type members such as walls, slabs, shells, bridge abutments, tanks, domes. 3D elements are used for structure with complex geometry which cannot be simplified for analysis. While…

Introduction In automobile design, crash and structural analysis are the two most important engineering processes in developing a high quality vehicle. Computer simulation technologies have greatly enhanced the safety, reliability, and comfort, environmental and manufacturing efficiency of today's automobiles. This significant…

Introduction: Most penetration analysis and armor design in the past have dealt with cartridges that have military-style steel jacketed and armor-piercing bullets. Body armor studies have typically focused on handgun ammunition. These types of analyses are usually carried to develop the material which can resist the bullet…

Introduction Planer Machining: The principle of the planner machine is the concept of relative tool-work motions. Reciprocation of the tool or job and the slow, intermittent transverse feed motions are imparted to the job or tool by the fast straight path cutting motion. All the operations done in planning machines can…

Introduction Tension Test: Tensile testing, also known as tension test. It is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, maximum elongation…

Introduction: A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm (which is a gear in the form of a screw) meshes with a worm gear (which is similar in appearance to a spur gear). The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer…

Introduction: A universal joint (universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Spicer or Hardy Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint) is a joint or coupling connecting rigid rods whose axes are inclined to each other, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion. It consists of a pair of hinges located close together,…

Introduction The Ogden material model is a hyper elastic material model used to describe the non-linear stress–strain behavior of complex materials such as rubbers, polymers, and biological tissue. The model was developed by Raymond Ogden in 1972. The Ogden model, like other hyper elastic material models, assumes…

Introduction A Cam is a mechanical device used to transmit motion to a follower by direct contact. The driver is called the Cam and the driven member is called the follower. In a Cam-Follower pair, the Cam normally rotates while Follower may translate or oscillate. A familiar example is the crankshaft of an automobile…

Introduction: There are number of reports claiming that iPhone bends inside of people’s pocket. Some speculate that the tightness of your pants is significant here. The tighter they are, the more pressure they exert on your phone. It seems clear, too, that a lot depends on whether you lean forward when you sit or maintain…

Spot welding (or resistance spot welding]) is a type of electric resistance welding used to weld various sheet metal products, through a process in which contacting metal surface points are joined by the heat obtained from resistance to electric current.   Introduction The representation of the spotweld in finite…

Introduction Crash box is used in a vehicle for the purpose of absorbing the crash energy in case of a frontal crash or frontal impact. It is mounted at the front portion of the front rails in a BIW (body in white or structure) of a vehicle. (In the event of impact due to vehicle collision, crash box absorbs impact energy…

Introduction “Drop test” is free fall of component. It is generally performed to check the ability of product to withstand suddenly applied loads. Drop test is one of the functional test requirements of crash frame for certification, hence crash frame has to qualify through the drop testing as per guide lines…

Introduction to Plastic Deformation The relationship between stress and strain is generally linear and reversible up until the yield point and the deformation is elastic. The linear relationship for a material is known as Young's modulus. Above the yield point, some degree of permanent distortion remains after unloading…

Introduction Although there are many types of wire forming, in production wire forming specialized machinery is used. These wire 4-Slide Wire forming machines have many methods that can be employed to achieve the desired results however only a few are available to manufacture repeatable and fast results. In years past…

`` Introduction to Explicit Methods: The explicit method allows solving problems element by element. Compared with the implicit method, it does not require the general matrix, since the velocity and displacement nodes can be counted directly, using the central difference integration scheme. However, the time step is limited…

Introduction In metalworking, rolling is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and to make the thickness uniform. The concept is similar to the rolling of dough. Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled. If the temperature…

Introduction: A welding joint is a point or edge where two or more pieces of metal or plastic are joined together. They are formed by welding two or more workpieces (metal or plastic) according to a particular geometry. There are five types of joints referred to by the American Welding Society: butt, corner, edge, lap,…

Introduction to Sheet Metal Bending Bending of sheet metal is a common and vital process in manufacturing industry. Sheet metal bending is the plastic deformation of the work over an axis, creating a change in the part's geometry. Similar to other metal forming processes, bending changes the shape of the work piece, while…

Here we will perform crash analysis on neon frontal crash model and observe the different sectional forces, Energies, forces, accelerations and displacements. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Procedure: Open given “neon_front_0000.rad”…

L S Dyna Units: LS-DYNA doesn't have a default system of units. User needs to input material properties and physical dimensions according to a consistent system of units as per their choice. This warrants that to use LS-DYNA in different circumstances, users have to be conversant with converting quantities from one system…

Introduction to Rail Wheel: A train wheel or rail wheel is a type of wheel specially designed for use on railway tracks. A rolling component is typically pushed onto an axle and mounted directly on a railway carriage or locomotive, or Indirectly on a bogie, also called a truck. Wheels are cast or forged and are heat-treated…

Introduction Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well. The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone.…

Introduction:   Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided (but usually of special form to achieve a constant drive ratio, mainly involute but less commonly cycloidal), the edge of each tooth…

Introduction The elements, which are used for machining purposes offered with geometrical Irregularities, which disturb the stress distribution and therefore, the state of stress in stress concentrated regions, cannot be described in machine elements. Thus, the finite element method (FEM) is an important tool used to analyze…

Combustion of an organic fuel in air is always exothermic because the double bond in O2 is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds, and therefore the formation of the stronger bonds in the combustion products CO2 and H2O results in the release of energy.  The bond energies in the fuel play only…

  Use Gate valves are used to shut off the flow of liquids rather than for flow regulation. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low flow resistance. The size of the open flow path generally varies in a nonlinear manner as the gate is moved. This means that…

Introduction: Cyclone separators are separation devices that use the principle of inertia to remove particulate matter from flue gases. Cyclone separator is one of many air pollution control devices known as pre-cleaners since they generally remove larger pieces of particulate matter. This prevents finer filtration…

Introduction: The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor), is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid. It is a dynamic process whereby the two fluids seek to reduce their…

Introduction:                In this project, we will see the conjugate heat transfer analysis of a Graphic Card.Graphic Card is very essential component in different types of computers. Graphic Cards are very efficient for running software and also…

Introduction of CHT (Conjugate heat transfer): Conjugate heat transfer is a process which allows simulation of heat transfer between solid and fluid domains by exchanging thermal energy at the interface between them. Heat transfer is usually done by conduction in solids and by convection from solid to fluid. In most cases…

About Ahmed’s body & its importance The “Ahmed” body, shown in Figure has the form of a highly simplified car, consisting of a blunt nose with rounded edge fixed onto a box-like middle section and a rear end that has an upper slanted surface (like a “hatch-back” car), the angle of which…

Analysis of flow over a cylinder   Overview:  Von Karman Vortex Street A Von Karman vortex street is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices arising in the wake of flows around blunt objects. This phenomenon is often exemplified on 2-dimensional flow around a cylinder. Vortex shedding is of practical interest…

ASSIGNMENT-7 NEON SIDE CRASH ANALYSIS:   For This analysis, do the procedure as given below: Pre procedure:  > Check unit system and components >Import \"neon_side_reduced_0000.rad\" file in Hypermesh and Hypercrash. > Run Modelchecker and solve the errors and warnings. > Check mass and C.G. of model.…

ASSIGNMENT-6 NEON FRONTAL CRASH ANALYSIS:   For This analysis, do the procedure as given below: Pre procedure:  > Check unit system and components >Import \"neon_front_0000.rad\" file in Hypermesh and Hypercrash. > Run Modelchecker and solve the errors and warnings. > Check mass and C.G. of model.…

ASSIGNMENT-5 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT INTERFACE & PARAMETERS   First of all we will see the  meshing of Bumper assembly. After imporing or opening the bumper file,  > check for any correction like free edges, free nodes etc... and remove it. Bumper assembly file is as shown below. > keep meshing…

ASSIGNMENT – 2     COMPARISON OF MATERIAL CARDS   In this project, we will see different material properties and compare and check the results,  As per modifications.   There are six cases we will see one by one.   CASE : 1 -  LAW_2_ EPSMAX_FAILURE:   This law represents…

ASSIGNMENT – 3   IMPROVEMENT OF SHELL ELEMENTS In this project, we will first see the base file, with default shell element properties and check the result, Whether is acceptable or not, after that, we will check the same results with some change in shell element properties, for acceptance. There is a base…

ASSIGNMENT – 2     DETAILS OF RADIOSS ENGINE FILE & 2D/3D MESHING   There are two parts in this project. (1)Details of Radioss input, output& engine file (2) 2d / 3d meshing.   (1) Details of radioss engine file. here we are going to take an example of a rail component and go…