Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry
1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it
| S No | Cell type | Anode meterial & chemical reactions | Cathode meterial & chemical reactions |
| 1 | LCO | Collector Copper + Graphite coating Anode reaction - C6li⇄6C+LiLi+ + e– | Collector Aluminium + Li cobalt oxcide coating Cathode reaction -C6Li + CoO2 ⇄ C6 + LiCoO2 |
| 2 | LMO | Collector Copper + Graphite coating Anode reaction - C6li⇄6C+LiLi+ + e– | Collector Aluminium + Li Manganeseoxcide coating Cathode reaction - Li(1-x)Mn2Od(S)+xLi+xe⇄LiMn2O4(s) |
| 3 | NCA | Collector Copper + Graphite coating Anode reaction - C6li⇄6C+LiLi+ + e– | Collector Aluminium + Li nickel cobalt aluminium oxcide coating Cathode reaction -Li(1-x)NiCoAlO2(S)+xLi+xe⇄LiNiCoAlO2(S) |
| 4 | NMC | Collector Copper + Graphite coating Anode reaction - C6li⇄6C+LiLi+ + e– | Collector Aluminium + Li nickel manganese cobalt oxcide coating Cathode reaction -Li(1-x)NiMnCoO2(S)+xLi+xe⇄LiNiMnCoO2(S) |
| 5 | LFP | Collector Copper + Graphite coating Anode reaction - C6li⇄6C+LiLi+ + e– | Collector Aluminium + Li fero phosphate coating Cathode reaction -Li(1-x)FePO4(S)+xLi+xe⇄LiFePO4(S) |
| 6 | LTO | Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode Anode reaction - Li2Ti3O12⇄Li4Ti3O12+3Li++3e- | The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Cathode reaction -Li(1-x)Mn2Oa(S)+xLi+xe⇄LiMn2Oa(S) Li(1-x)NiMnCoO2(S)+xLi+xe⇄LiNiMnCoO2(S) |
2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics
| Differences between each type of Li ion batteries based on their characteristics | ||||||||
| S no | Cell type | Voltages | Specific energy (capacity) | Charge (C-rate) | Discharge (C-rate) | Cycle life | Thermal runaway | Applications |
| 1 | LCO | 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell | 150–200Wh/kg. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg. | 0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V (most cells); 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life. | 1C; 2.50V cut off. Discharge current above 1C shortens battery life. | 500–1000, related to depth of discharge, load, temperature | 150°C (302°F). Full charge promotes thermal runaway | Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras |
| 2 | LMO | 3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell | 100–150Wh/kg | 0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V (most cells) | 1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off | 300–700 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) | 250°C (482°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway | Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains |
| 3 | NCA | 3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell | 200-260Wh/kg; 300Wh/kg predictable | 0.7C, charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical, fast charge possible with some cells | 1C typical; 3.00V cut-off; high discharge rate shortens battery life | 500 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) | 150°C (302°F) typical, High charge promotes thermal runaway | Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla) |
| 4 | NMC | 3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell, | 150–220Wh/kg | 0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical. Charge current above 1C shortens battery life. | 1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cut-off | 1000–2000 (related to depth of discharge, temperature) | 210°C (410°F) typical. High charge promotes thermal runaway | E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial |
| 5 | LFP | 3.20, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5–3.65V/cell | 90–120Wh/kg | 1C typical, charges to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical | 1C, 25C on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off (lower that 2V causes damage) | 2000 and higher (related to depth of discharge, temperature) | 270°C (518°F) Very safe battery even if fully charged | Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance |
| 6 | LTO | 2.40V nominal; typical operating range 1.8–2.85V/cell | 50–80Wh/kg | 1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V | 10C possible, 30C 5s pulse; 1.80V cut-off on LCO/LTO | 3,000–7,000 cycle | One of safest Li-ion batteries | UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV), solar-powered street lighting |