Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1.Prepare a table which includes materials & chemical reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of LCO, LMO, NCA, NMC, LFP and LTO type of lithium ion cells.Give your detailed explanation on it

SL. No	BATTERY	ANODE	CATHODE	REDOX REACTION
1	Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LCO)	LiC6 LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	LiCoO2 Li1-xCoO2+xLi++xe-→LiCoO2	LiPF6 in Ethylene Carbonate as electrolyte C6+LiCoO2↔LiC6+CoO2
2	Lithium Manganese Oxide(LMO)	LiC6 LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	LiMn2O4 Li1-xMn2O4+xLi++xe-→LiMn2O4	C6+LiMn2O4↔LiC6+Mn2O4
3	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide(NCA)	LiC6 LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	LiNiCoAlO2 Li1-xNiCoAlO2+xLi++xe-→LiNiCoAlO2	C6+LiNiCoAlO2↔LiC6+NiCoAlO2
4	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide(NMC)	LiC6 LixC6→xLi++xe-+C6	LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 Li1-xNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2+xLi++xe-→LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2	C6+LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2↔LiC6+Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2
5	Lithium Iron Phosphate(LFP)	LiC6 LixC6→ xLi++xe-+C6	LiFePO4 Li1-xFePO4+xLi++xe-→LiFePO4	C6+LiFePO4↔LiC6+FePO4
6	Lithium Titanium Oxide(LTO)	Li4Ti5O12 Li4Ti5O12→Ti5O12+4Li++4e-	LiMn2O4 4Li1-xMn2O4+4Li++4e-→4LiMn2O4	Li4Ti5O12+4Mn2O4↔4LiMn2O4+Ti5O12

1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO

Its high specific energy makes Li-cobalt the popular choice for mobile phones, laptops and digital cameras. The battery consists of a cobalt oxide cathode and a graphite carbon anode. The cathode has a layered structure and during discharge, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The flow reverses on charge. The drawback of Li-cobalt is a relatively short life span, low thermal stability and limited load capabilities (specific power).

 Voltages                                :        3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell

Specific energy (capacity)        :        150–200Wh/kg. Specialty cells provide up to 240Wh/kg.

Charge (C-rate)                      :         0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V

Discharge (C-rate)                  :         1C; 2.50V cut off

Cycle life                                :         500–1000

Thermal runaway                    :         150°C

Applications                            :         Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, cameras

2. Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO

Li-ion cell have lithium manganese oxide as cathode material. The architecture forms a three-dimensional spinel structure that improves ion flow on the electrode, which results in lower internal resistance and improved current handling. A further advantage of spinel is high thermal stability and enhanced safety, but the cycle and calendar life are limited. Low internal cell resistance enables fast charging and high-current discharging. In an 18650 package, Li-manganese can be discharged at currents of 20–30A with moderate heat build-up. It is also possible to apply one-second load pulses of up to 50A. A continuous high load at this current would cause heat build up and the cell temperature cannot exceed 80°C. Li-manganese is used for power tools, medical instruments, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles. Li-manganese has a capacity that is roughly one-third lower than Li-cobalt.

 Voltages                               :           3.70V (3.80V) nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell

Specific energy (capacity)       :           100–150Wh/kg

Charge (C-rate)                     :           0.7–1C typical, 3C maximum, charges to 4.20V

Discharge (C-rate)                 :           1C; 10C possible with some cells, 30C pulse (5s), 2.50V cut-off

Cycle life                               :           300–700

Thermal runaway                   :           250°C

Applications                           :           Power tools, medical devices, electric powertrains

3. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA

It shares similarities with NMC by offering high specific energy, reasonably good specific power and a long life span. NCA is a further development of lithium nickel oxide; adding aluminium gives the chemistry greater stability.

Voltages                                           3.60V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell

Specific energy (capacity)                  200-260Wh/kg; 300Wh/kg predictable

Charge (C-rate)                                0.7C, charges to 4.20V (most cells), 3h charge typical

Discharge (C-rate)                            1C typical; 3.00V cut-off

Cycle life                                          500

Thermal runaway                             150°C

Applications                                     Medical devices, industrial, electric powertrain (Tesla)

4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC

The secret of NMC lies in combining nickel and manganese. An analogy of this is table salt in which the main ingredients, sodium and chloride, are toxic on their own but mixing them serves as seasoning salt and food preserver. Nickel is known for its high specific energy but poor stability; manganese has the benefit of forming a spinel structure to achieve low internal resistance but offers a low specific energy. Combining the metals enhances each other strengths. The cathode combination is typically one-third nickel, one-third manganese and one-third cobalt, also known as 1-1-1. Cobalt is expensive and in limited supply. Battery manufacturers are reducing the cobalt content with some compromise in performance

Voltages                                         3.60V, 3.70V nominal; typical operating range 3.0–4.2V/cell

Specific energy (capacity)                150–220Wh/kg

Charge (C-rate)                               0.7–1C, charges to 4.20V, some go to 4.30V; 3h charge typical

Discharge (C-rate)                           1C; 2C possible on some cells; 2.50V cut-off

Cycle life                                         1000–2000

Thermal runaway                             210°C

Applications                                     E-bikes, medical devices, EVs, industrial

5. Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP

Li-phosphate offers good electrochemical performance with low resistance. This is made possible with nano-scale phosphate cathode material. The key benefits are high current rating and long cycle life, besides good thermal stability, enhanced safety and tolerance if abused. Li-phosphate is more tolerant to full charge conditions and is less stressed than other lithium-ion systems if kept at high voltage for a prolonged time. Li-phosphate has a higher self-discharge than other Li-ion batteries, which can cause balancing issues with aging. Li-phosphate is often used to replace the lead acid starter battery.

Voltages                                           3.20, 3.30V nominal; typical operating range 2.5–3.65V/cell

Specific energy (capacity)                  90–120Wh/kg

Charge (C-rate)                                1C typical, charges to 3.65V; 3h charge time typical

Discharge (C-rate)                            1C, 25C on some cells; 40A pulse (2s); 2.50V cut-off

Cycle life                                          2000 and higher

Thermal runaway                              270°C

Applications                                      Portable and stationary needing high load currents and endurance

6. Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO

Li-titanate replaces the graphite in the anode of a typical lithium-ion battery and the material forms into a spinel structure. The cathode can be lithium manganese oxide or NMC. Li-titanate has a nominal cell voltage of 2.40V, can be fast charged and delivers a high discharge current of 10C, or 10 times the rated capacity. The cycle count is said to be higher than that of a regular Li-ion. Li-titanate is safe, has excellent low-temperature discharge characteristics and obtains a capacity of 80 percent at –30°C

 Voltages                                          2.40V nominal; typical operating range 1.8–2.85V/cell

Specific energy (capacity)                 50–80Wh/kg

Charge (C-rate)                               1C typical; 5C maximum, charges to 2.85V

Discharge (C-rate)                           10C possible, 30C 5s pulse; 1.80V cut-off on LCO/LTO

Cycle life                                         3,000–7,000

Thermal runaway                             One of safest Li-ion batteries

Applications                                    UPS, electric powertrain (Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Honda Fit EV),

                                                      solar-powered street lighting

2.Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics