Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

1)LCO TYPE BATTERY

LCO TYPE BATTERY
MATERIAL USED	ANODE	CATHODE
	Carbon	Cobalt oxide
CHEMICAL REACTION DURING DISCHARGE	* At ANODE:- lithium is oxidised. Lithium ions are released from the carbon, along with electrons *At CATHODE:- lithium-ions are absorbed by the lithium dioxide, and the electrode is reduced as it also receives the electrons from the circuit

OTHER DETAILS:- * This was the first lithium ion battery that was develoved & sold by sony in 1991.

                           * Has high energy density.

                           * Drawback is that it has thermal instability.

                           * Their anodes can overheat at high temperatures.

                           * Used in Laptops, Phones, Digital cameras.

                           * Safety is quite concerned

2) LMO BATTERY

LMO TYPE BATTERY
MATERIAL USED	ANODE	CATHODE
	Carbon(GRAPHITE)	lithium-manganese
CHEMICAL REACTION	At Anode:- Li  --->Li+  +  e- At Cathode Mn2O4 + Li+ +e-  --->LiMn2O4

OTHER DETAILS:- * High thermal stability

                          * safety is quite good

                          * Low life cycle

                          * Used in power tools, medical devises.

3) NCA (Lithium nickel Cobalt Aluminium)

NCA TYPE BATTERY
MATERIAL USED	ANODE	CATHODE
	Carbon(GRAPHITE)	Nickel cobalt aluminium oxide
CHEMICAL REACTION(During discharge)	At Anode:-lithium is oxidized from Li to Li (0 to +1 oxidation state) in the lithium-graphite anode through the following reaction: C6Li-->6C(graphite) + Li+ + e  These lithium ions migrate through the electrolyte medium to the cathode, where they are incorporated into lithium cobalt oxide through the following reaction, which reduces cobalt from a +4 to a +3 oxidation state Li1CoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e--> LiCoO2(s)

OTHER DETAILS:- *High specific energy

                           *Good specific power

                           *Long Life span

                           *Cost is High

                           *Used in Automobile (EV), Medical, Industrial

4) NMC (LITHIUM NICKEL MANGANESE COBALT OXIDE)

NMC TYPE BATTERY
MATERIAL USED	ANODE	CATHODE
	Carbon(GRAPHITE)	Nickel magnese cobalt oxide
CHEMICAL REACTION(During discharge)	At Anode:-lithium is oxidized from Li to Li (0 to +1 oxidation state) in the lithium-graphite anode through the following reaction: C6Li-->6C(graphite) + Li+ + e  These lithium ions migrate through the electrolyte medium to the cathode, where they are incorporated into lithium cobalt oxide through the following reaction, which reduces cobalt from a +4 to a +3 oxidation state Li1CoO2(s) + x Li+ + x e--> LiCoO2(s)

OTHER DETAILS:-

                            *high specific energy or power.

                           *used in power tools & electric vehicles.

                           * Due to silicon is added to graphite anode grows & shrinks with Charge & Discharge                                      making cell mechanically unstable.

5)LFP (Lithium iron phosphate).

LFP TYPE BATTERY
MATERIAL USED	ANODE	CATHODE
	Carbon(GRAPHITE)	Lithium iron Phosphate.
CHEMICAL REACTION(During discharge)	At Anode:- Lithium is oxidised, Lithium ions are released from the carbon, along with electrons                  LiC6→Li+ +e− +C6 At Cathode:- lithium ions are absorbed by the lithium dioxide, and the electrode is reduced as it also receives the electrons from the circuit. Overall reaction:-              LiFePO4+6C→LiC6+FePO4

OTHER DETAILS:-

                           *high discharge rate.

                          *good thermal stability.

                          *good safety.

                          *used in electric vehicles and power tools.

                          *Also used in power station for storing Energy.

                          * Has long life cycle.

6)LTO (Lithium Titanate oxide)

LTO TYPE BATTERY
MATERIAL USED	ANODE	CATHODE
	Lithium titanate.	Lithium magnese oxide.
CHEMICAL REACTION(During discharge)	At Anode:- Lithium is oxidised, Lithium ions are released from the carbon, along with electrons                  LiC6→Li+ +e− +C6 At Cathode:- lithium ions are absorbed by the lithium dioxide, and the electrode is reduced as it also receives the electrons from the circuit. Overall reaction:-              LiFePO4+6C→LiC6+FePO4

OTHER DETAILS:-

                           *improved cycle stability.

                           * good charge acceptance even at temperatures below 0^∘C.

                           *Extremely Long Lifetime.

                           *Enhanced Safety.

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2)Compare the differences between each type of Li+ion batteries based on their characteristics.

CHEMISTRY	LCO	LMO	NMC	LFP	NCA	LTO
Nominal voltage	3.60v	3.70v	3.60v	3.20, 3, 3.30v	3.60v	2.40v
Full Charge	4.20v	4.20v	4.20v	3.60v	4.20v	2.85v
Full Discharge	3.0v	3.0v	3.0v	2.50v	3.0v	1.80v
Minimal Voltage	2.50v	2.50v	2.50v	2.00v	2.50v	1.50v
Specific Energy	150-200wh/kg	100-150wh/kg	150-200wh/kg	90-120wh/kg	200-260wh/kg	70-80wh/kg
Charge Rate	0.7-1C	0.7-1C	0.7-1C	1C	1C	1C (5C max)
Discharge Rate	1C	1C(10C possible)	1-2C	1C	1C	10C Possible
Cycle Life	500-1000	300-700	1000-2000	1000-2000	500	3000-7000
Thermal Runaway	150°C	250°C	210°C	270°C	150°C
Packaging	18650 Prismatic & Pouch cell	18650 Prismatic	18650 Prismatic & Pouch cell	26650 Prismatic	Prismatic	Prismatic
History	1991(Sony)	1996	2008	1996	1999	2008
Application	Mobile phones,tablets, Laptops, Cameras	Power tools,Medical devices.	E-Bikes,EV's, industrial		Medical, Industrial, EV's (Tesla)	UPS, EV, Solar street Lighting.