Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Material

Chemical reaction

Cathode

Anode

LiCoO₂

(Lithium Cobalt oxide)

LiC₆

(Graphite)

Cathode- CoO₂+Li⁺+e^- ßà LiCoO₂

Anode- LiC₆ßàC₆+Li⁺+e⁺

Full reaction- LiC₆+CoO₂ßàC₆+LiCoO₂

High specific energy

LiMnO₂

(Lithium Manganese Oxide)

LiC₆

(Graphite)

Cathode-MnO₂+Li⁺+e-ßàLiMnO₂

Anode- LiC₆ßàC₆+Li⁺+e⁺

Full reaction- LiC₆+ MnO₂ßà C₆+ LiMnO₂

It has long-term reliability, having a life span of 10 years.

LiNiCoAlO₂

(NCA)

LiC₆

(Graphite)

Cathode- NiCoAlO₂+ Li⁺+e-ßà LiNiCoAlO₂

Anode- LiC₆ßàC₆+Li⁺+e⁺

Full reaction- LiC₆+ NiCoAlO₂ßà C₆+ LiNiCoAlO₂

High specific energy, good life span

LiNiMnCoO₂

(NMC)

LiC₆

(Graphite)

Cathode- NiMnCoO₂+ Li⁺+e-ßà LiNiMnCoO₂

Anode- LiC₆ßàC₆+Li⁺+e⁺

Full reaction- LiC₆+ NiMnCoO₂ßà C₆+ LiNiMnCoO₂

Good specific energy and specific power density

LiFePO₄

(LFP)

LiC₆

(Graphite)

Cathode- FePO₄+ Li⁺+e-ßà LiFePO₄

Anode- LiC₆ßàC₆+Li⁺+e⁺

Full reaction- LiC₆+ FePO₄ßà C₆+ LiFePO₄

moderate density (2 A·h outputs 70 amperes) High safety compared to Cobalt / Manganese systems. Operating temperature >60 °C (140 °F)

Li₂TiO­₃
(LTO)

LiC₆

(Graphite)

Cathode-TiO₃+2Li⁺+e-ßà Li₂TiO­₃

Anode- LiC₆ßàC₆+Li⁺+e⁺

Full reaction- LiC₆+ TiO₃ßàC₆+ Li₂TiO­₃

faster to charge

LCO

LMO

NCA

NMC

LFP

LTO

Charge efficiency(%)

90

90

90

90

90

85-90

Peak Temperature ⁰C/min

440

100+

260+

100+

21

21

Self discharge

Per month

5-10%

5-10%

20%

30%

2-5%

2-5%

Cell Voltage

3.6

3.7

1.2

1.2

3.2

2.4

Weight

Light

Light

Medium

Medium

Light

Light

Advantages

• High energy density.
• Long runtime making it optimum for new technologies.

• longer life cycle.
• Lower cost.
• Higher energy density.

Disadvantages

• The internal resistance increases with cycling and aging.
• It has a relatively low discharge current so high load can lead to pack overheat.

• Slightly lower voltage than cobalt systems.
• Adding silicon to graphite has the downside of making the anode grow and shrink through charging and discharging, leading to mechanical instability of the cell.

Applications