Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

Ans 1.

S. No.	Cell	Cathode	Anode	Separator	Electrolyte	Cathode Reaction	Anode Reaction
1.	LCO	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	Graphite	Polyolefin	Ethylene Carbonate	CoO2 + `Li^+` + `e^-` `rarr` LiCoO2	LiC6 `rarr` C6 + `Li^+` + `e^-`
2.	LMO	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Graphite	Polyolefin	Lithium Salt	MnO2 + `Li^+` + `e^-` `rarr` LiMnO2	LiC6 `rarr` C6 + `Li^+` + `e^-`
3.	NCA	Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide	Graphite	Polyolefin	Ethylene Carbonate	NiCoAlO2 + `Li^+` + `e^-` `rarr` LiNiCoAlO2	LiC6 `rarr` C6 + `Li^+` + `e^-`
4.	NMC	Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide	Graphite	Polyolefin	Lithium Salt	NiMnCoO2 + `Li^+` + `e^-` `rarr` LiNiMnCoO2	LiC6 `rarr` C6 + `Li^+` + `e^-`
5.	LFP	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Graphite	Polyolefin	Ethylene Carbonate	FePO4 + `Li^+` + `e^-` `rarr` LiFePO4	LiC6 `rarr` C6 + `Li^+` + `e^-`
6.	LTO	Lithium Titanate	Graphite	Polyolefin	Lithium Salt	4Mn2O4 + 4`Li^+` + 4`e^-` `rarr` 4LiMn2O4	Li4Ti5O12 `rarr` Ti5O12 + 4`Li^+` + 4`e^-`

Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LCO)

The main feature of the LCO battery is the high energy density translating into a long run-time for portable devices such as cell phones, tablets, laptops and cameras. The cathode material contains 60% cobalt and accounts for 50% of the weight of the cathode. The LCO battery has drawbacks in having a low life span, and relatively low safety performance at hot and cold temperatures.

Lithium Manganese Oxide(LMO)

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMnO2) battery uses manganese as its cathode and lithium as its anode. It includes lithium salt that serves as an Electrolyte. It has long-term reliability, because of which it’s widely used in electricity, gas and water meters, fire and smoke alarms, security devices, and so on. This battery has stable discharge capability, losing just 0.5% a year when stored. Lastly, it has high-temperature tolerance, overcoming extreme cold or hot temperatures, from -40F to 140F.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide(NCA)

The lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminium-oxide (NCA) battery shares similar qualities with NMC batteries in that it also has high specific energy, specific power and a long life span. The downsides to the technology of NCA is that it is expensive and has poor safety. NCA batteries are used in industry, medical devices and also in electric power trains.

Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide(NMC)

The lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide (NMC) battery has a cathode that contains 10-20% cobalt. Although the NMC battery has a lower capacity than that of the LCO, the higher specific power and the long-life suit its use for power tools, e-bikes and electric vehicles. NMC batteries have a high cycling rate which, combined with a high capacity and high power, makes them ideally suited to be used in the new generation of electric vehicles. The NMC battery also has the lowest self-heating rate out of the different types of lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium Iron Phosphate(LFP)

Lithium iron phosphate has a cathode of iron phosphate and an anode of graphite. It has a specific energy of 90/120 watt-hours per kilogram and a nominal voltage of 3.20V or 3.30V. The charge rate of lithium iron phosphate is 1C and the discharge rate of 1-25C. Lithium iron phosphate has a lifecycle of 1,000-10,000 cycles. These batteries can handle high temperatures with minimal degradation. They have a long life for applications with embedded systems or need to run for long lengths of time before being charged.

Lithium Titanate(LTO)

A lithium-titanate battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals, instead of carbon, on the surface of its anode. This gives the anode a surface area of about 100 square meters per gram, compared with 3 square meters per gram for carbon, allowing electrons to enter and leave the anode quickly. This makes fast recharging possible and provides high currents when needed. Lithium-titanate cells also last for 3000 to 7000 charge cycles. A disadvantage of lithium-titanate batteries is that they have a lower inherent voltage (2.4 V), which leads to lower specific energy (about 30–110 Wh/kg) than conventional lithium-ion battery technologies.

Ans 2.

Cell	Voltage(V)	Specific Energy(Wh/kg)	Charging C-Rate(C)	Discharging C-Rate(C)	Cycle Life	Thermal Runaway(deg C)
LCO	3.6	150-200	0.7-1	1	500-1000	150
LMO	3.7	100-150	0.7-1	1	300-700	250
NCA	3.6	200-260	0.7	1	500	150
NMC	3.6	150-220	0.7-1	1	1000-2000	210
LFP	3.3	90-120	1	1	>2000	270
LTO	2.4	50-80	1	10	3000-7000	140