Roof Design

ROOF DESIGN

AIM: To design a roof with all the components like front roof rail, rear roof rail, and bow roofs by following the given master sections and the high-quality surface, considering all the design requirements as per the OEM standards.

ROOF

An automobile roof or car top is the portion of an automobile that sits above the passenger compartment, protecting the vehicle occupants from sun, wind, rain, and other external elements. The roof is not a single panel as seen from the exterior it consists of front roof rail, bow roofs, center roof rail, and rear roof rail with different thicknesses which act as a reinforcement for the top.

OBJECTIVE

• To design a roof of the car with all the reinforcement from the given styling surface.
• To perform the curvature study on the roof by considering Heat Distortion and Snow load criteria.
• To calculate the moment of inertia for the reinforcements.
• To Perform the draft analysis for analyzing the components' manufacturing feasibility.

TYPICAL SECTIONS

• Front Roof Rail.
• Rear Roof Rails.
• Center Roof with a reinforcement.
  • Bow RoofsBow Roof Rails.

    INPUTS

    DESIGN METHODOLOGY

    • Ditch Area: The ditch area is the extended portion of the main roof which is concealed by the other BIW components followed by the other aesthetic surface. It also serves the joining purpose for the reinforcement which is joined using the spot welding. Visibility,Clearance for windshield and back door mountings are some of the factors needed to be considered while designing the ditch area.

    

    • Front Roof Rail: Front Roof Rail is a reinforcement that features to back of the bracket lamp and the room lamp and it also serves the purpose of attaching the windshield. The development of the FRR is based on the given master section and also references from the given styling and the front ditch area are taken into consideration. Embosses and darts are incorporated for strengthening the part.

    

    • Rear Roof Rail: It is a reinforcement provided to the rear portion of the roof and it also features the tailgate mountings. The development of RRR is dependent upon the rear headroom clearance and rear visibility criteria. The minimum clearance from the headliner to the roof is should be 80mm which will vary from variant and region to region.

    

• These are the reinforcements provided on the most flatter regions of the roof which are more susceptible to failure. The number of bow roofs depends upon the length of the roof i.e, longer roofs have more bow roofs like vans. For the development of the bow roofs, the styling surface and side ditch area are taken as references.

  Bow Roof 1

  

  • Center Roof along with reinforcement rail: These roof rails are positioned mostly on the center portion of the roof or at the B Pillar of the vehicle i.e, the most flatter region of the car which is susceptible to failure under the action of load.

  

• Bow Roof 2

  

• Joining Processes

  The Flanges of the front and rear roof rail and flanges of the bow roofs and center roof rail are joined using the spot welding, whereas mastic sealants are provided along the roof rails to improve the strength and also to avoid bad marks on the aesthetic surfaces.

  FINAL ASSEMBLY

  

  CURVATURE STUDY

  • HEAT DISTORTION CRITERIA

  Heat distortion temperature is the temperature at which the metal softens and deforms under a specific load. This study is done to check the ability of the roof to withstand high temperatures concerning the positioning of the reinforcements which contribute to increased strength.

  Procedure:

  • Create a center line at the 0-Y region of the roof and then offset the same to -3Y.
  • Create a symmetric line from the -3Y region at a distance of 100mm.
  • Draw a vertical line at the midpoint of the line drawn from the center points of the FRR and BR 1 and followed the same till the rear roof rail.
  • Offset the vertical line to a distance of 100mm on each side.
  • Create intersection points and project them on the roof.
  • From these projected points, make a 3-point arc and the Rx and Ry values.

  Formula:

  W = [1.73 x 10^(-3) x L] + [1.85 x 10^(-8) x (R^2)/t] + [ 1.10x10^(-3) x l] - 2.68

  Where,

  L = Roof Length in X-Direction[mm](Roof dimension in 0-Y)

  R = Roof curvature

  R = 2(Rx*Ry)/(Rx+Ry)

  Rx = X curvature

  Ry = Y curvature

  t = Roof plate thickness [mm]

  l = Bow Roof Span [mm]

  Judgment Condition

  OK< 2.7

  

  
  

  SI.NO	ROOF	RX	RY	R	L	t	l	W	RESULT
  1	RRR toBR1	5740.6	2375.3	2.21E+11	2120	0.75	370.8	1.21	PASS
  2	BR1 to CRR	5040.1	5923.1	6.55E+11	2120	0.75	370.8	1.05	PASS
  3	CRR to BR2	4128.28	9228.73	1.02E+12	2120	0.75	370.8	2.55	PASS
  4	BR2 to RRR	3305.38	14422.73	1.69E+12	2120	0.75	370.8	7.04	FAIL

  
  

  From the above results, the positioning of the bow roofs satisfies the condition for Heat Distortion Criteria.

  • SNOW LOAD CRITERIA

  A snow load study is done to check the ability of the roof to withstand snowfall and bounce back to its original position without undergoing permanent deformation upon the removal of the load.

  Procedure:

  • Create a center line at the 0-Y region of the roof and then offset the same to 100mm on each side.
  • Draw a vertical line at the midpoint of the line drawn from the center points of the FRR and BR 1 and followed the same till the rear roof rail.
  • Offset the vertical line to a distance of 100mm on each side.
  • Create intersection points and project them on the roof.
  • From these projected points, make a 3-point arc and the Rx and Ry values.
  • Project the extreme edges of the styling surface fro measuring the width at the respected sections.

  Formula:

  Qr = [Iy x t2] / [α x s x [(Rx + Ry)/2]2 x 10-8]

  Where,

  α = My x Lx2 x 10-12 ,

  My = Y(Ly-Y)

  t = Roof plate thickness [mm]

  Ly = Distance between the front and rear roof Rails on the Vehicle along with 0Y[mm]

  Lx = Distance between the Left and Right end of the roof on the Roof BOW [mm]

  Y = Distance front Front Roof Rail to Roof BOW[mm]

  s = Distance for which Roof BOW bears divided load [mm]

  s = L1/2 + L2/2

  Iy = Geometrical moment of inertia of Roof BOW (Y cross-section )[mm4]

  Rx = Lateral direction curvature radius of roof panel Y cross-section on Roof BOW [mm]

  Ry = Longitudinal Direction curvature radius of the Roof panel X cross-section on Roof BOW [mm]

  Judgment condition

  Qr ≥ 3.1

  250 ≤ s ≤ 380

  

  Moment of Inertia for Bow Roof 1

  

  Moment of Inertia for Bow Roof 2

  

  Moment of Inertia for Center Roof Rail

  

  SI.NO	ROOF	RX	RY	LX	LY	Y	IY	S	MY	α	T	QR	RESULT
  1	FRR to BR 1	4643.08	2446.76	1139.2	2120	466.5	1.672	371.9	771357.8	34667902716	0.75	2.11959E-13	FAIL
  2	BR 1 to CR	3755.68	1234.8	1130.9	2120	927.2	2.363	379.05	1105964	49706453207	0.75	3.68894E-13	PASS
  3	CR to BR 2	4195.41	1940.94	1095.1	2120	1391.8	1.689	419.6	1013509	45551137709	0.75	1.86264E-13	FAIL

  From the above results, the positioning of the bow roofs satisfies the condition for snow load Criteria.

  DRAFT ANALYSIS

  Draft Analysis is carried out to check the manufacturing feasibility of the roof and all the reinforcements rails. All the components should be designed by considering at least the minimum draft value of 7 Deg.

  ROOF OUTER

  

  FRONT ROOF RAIL

  

  BOW ROOF 1

  

  BOW ROOF 2

  

  CENTRE ROOF RAIL

  

  REAR ROOF RAIL

  

  CONCLUSION

  Thus the roof is designed with all the necessary reinforcements and roof rails according to the given master section and the styling surface, by considering all the design parameters. Also, the curvature study is done by taking the heat distortion and snow load criteria for determining the strength of the roof.