Project - Analysis of a practical automotive wiring circuit

1.The major elements in above automotive wiring diagram are listed below:

a.Generator

b.Distributor

c.Breaker

d.Starter

e.Battery

f.Fuse

g.Ignition Coil

h.Ignition Switch

i.Ammeter

j.Foot selector switch

k.Current and voltage regulator.

l.Horn

m.Junction box

n.Light Switch

o.Parking lamp

2.

a.Generator

Purpose

-Generators are responsible for transmission and distribution of of electricity pver power lines to domestic,commercial and industrialcustomers.

-Generators also produce electrical power required for automobiles,aircrafts,ships and trains.

-An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained from an external source into electrical energy.

-It uses the mechanical energy supplied to it to force the movement of electric charges present in the wire of its windings through an external electric circuit.

-Residental and commercial generators rely on more traditional fuel sources like disel,gas and propane to create mechanical power that then be forced into a circuit and induce an electric current.

Working of generator:

Generators are basically coils of electric conductors, normally copper wire, that is tightly wound onto a metal core and is mounted to turn around inside an exhibit of large magnets. An electric conductor moves through a magnetic field, the magnetism will interface with the electrons in the conductor to induce a flow of electrical current inside it.

The conductor coil and its core are called the armature, connecting the armature to the shaft of a mechanical power source, for example, a motor, the copper conductor can turn at exceptionally increased speed over the magnetic field.

The point when the generator armature first starts to turn, then there is a weak magnetic field in the iron pole shoes. As the armature turns, it starts to raise the voltage. Some of this voltage is making on the field windings through the generator regulator. This impressive voltage builds up a stronger winding current, raises the strength of the magnetic field.

The expanded field produces more voltage in the armature. This, in turn, makes more current in the field windings, with a resultant higher armature voltage. At this time the signs of the shoes depended on the direction of flow of current in the field winding. The opposite signs will give the current to flow in the wrong direction.

b.Battery

Purpose:

-Batteries are small and essential component in our day today life.

Some applications of battery are following;

a.Automotive

b.Residental

C.Medical

d.Logistics

e.Construction instruments

f.Fire fighting equipments etc.

-Now-a days batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles.

-Lithium-ion batteries are used in electric vehicles.

-Batteries used in used electrical vehicles are rechargeable.

-Electric vehicle batteries are used to power the electric motors of electric vehicles

-A battery is a decvice that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy.

-The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one electrode to another,through an external circuit.

-The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work.

-To balance the flow of electrons,charged ions also flow through an electrolyte solution that is in contact with both electrodes

-Different electrodes and electrolytes produce different chemical reactions that affect how the battery works,how much energy it can store and its voltage.

Working Principle of battery:

The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The electrons wants to rearrange themselves to get rid of this difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons.

In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery. When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the cathode and the anode) the electrons will be able to get to the cathode. In the picture above, the electrons go through the wire, lighting the light bulb along the way. This is one way of describing how electrical potential causes electrons to flow through the circuit.

However, these electrochemical processes change the chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons. So there is a limited amount of power available in a battery.

When you recharge a battery, you change the direction of the flow of electrons using another power source, such as solar panels. The electrochemical processes happen in reverse, and the anode and cathode are restored to their original state and can again provide full power.

c.Fuse-

Purpose of fuse

-The fuse breaks the circuit if there is fault in an appliance causes to much current to flow.

-The fuse prevents short circuits.

-Fuse act as as barrier between electric circuit and human body.

-Fuse prevents overload and blackouts.

-Fuse prevents damage that is caued due to mismatched loads.

-Fuse prevents device failure due to faulty circuit operation.

-The markings on fuse carry informationsuch as ampererating,voltage rating and interruption rating.

Working principle of fuse:

-The fuse works on the principle of heating effect of the current.

-It is made up of thin strip or strand of metallic wire with non combustible material.

-The fuse is connected between the ends of terminals.

-Fuse is always connected in series with the electrical circuit.

-When the excessive current or heat is generated due to heavy current flow in the circuit,the fuse melts

down due to low melting point of the element and it opens the circuit.

-The fuse can be replaced or changed with suitable ratings.

-The fuse can be made up of the elements like zinc,copper,silver & aluminium.

-The fuse also acts as a circuit breaker which is used to break the circuit when sudden failure occurs in the circuit.

-The fuse is not only a protector but it is also used as safety measure to prevent humans from hazards.

3.Here Given data:

Total load from battery=10A

Fuse rating=To be find

We know the fuse rating is more than the maximum load of the appliance to avoid the short circuits or

damage of appliance due to overflow of load.

We must maintain the fuse rating 25% to 30% greater than the total load.

Now we have

Power = Voltage * Current

[For Typical Car Battery Voltage is 12 V]

Power = 12*10 = 120 Watt

Fuse Rating is 25% More than actual Power Rating

Power for Fuse Rating = 120 * 1.25 = 150 Watt

I = P/V = 150/12 = 12.5 A//

Fuse rating for 10A load should be 12.5 A.

4.Here Given data:

Power=500W

Capacity of battery=To be find.

Voltage of battery=To be find

We have

Power = Voltage * Current

[For Recommended Voltage is 12 V]

500 = 12 * Current

Current = 500/12 = 41.67 A

Capacity = Current * Time

Capacity = 41.67 * 1 Hr = 41.67 Ah

Therefore, recomended Capacity of battery=41.67 Ah.

5.

Parallel Connection B/w

• Generator
• Current and Voltage Regulator

As per the above image Generator with current voltage and regulator are connected in parallel, if two are more components are connected in parallel they have the same differential of potential voltage across their ends.

6.

Series Connection B/w

• Battery: Connected in series with high voltage to improve the drivability and energy efficiency.

• Starter: Starter connected in series With Battery because same current Flows through them.