AIM: 1.
To study and analyze the BAJA all terrain vehicle (ATV) model using Simulink
And compare between different models.
OBJECTIVES:
1.To Prepare a technical report explaining the function of the
Subsystem & blocks used for preparing the model
2.To Explain in detail all the differences between all the five models
Provided
3.To understand and comment on the result
TYPES OF MODEL STUDIES:
1.BAJA ATV model without Dashboard (cv Model)
2.BAJA ATV model – Data Extraction (cv Model - Data)
3.BAJA ATV model with Dashboard (cv Model – dashboard)
4.BAJA ATV model – Mapped Lookup Table without
Dashboard (cv Model – mapped)
5.BAJA ATV model – Mapped Lookup Table with
Dashboard ( cv Model – dashboard – mapped)
INTRODUCTION:
ALL TERRAIN VEHICLE:
An all – terrain vehicle (ATV) is defined as a motorized off – highway
Vehicle designed to travel on four low – pressure or non – pneumatic tries,
Having a seat designed to be straddled by the operator and
Handlebars for steering control. ATVs are subdivided into two types as
Manufacturer for use by the manufacturer for use by an operator and a passenger, and are equipped with a designated seating position behind the operator.
BAJA SAE:
BAJA SAE is an collegiate design series competition run by the Society of automotive engineering (SAE International). Terms of student from universities all over the world design and build small off – road cars. The cars all have engines of the same specification. As of 2018 the engine has been an unmodified briggs and Stratton Model 19 Vanguard engine single cylinder with a displacement of 305cc and power output of approximate 10 bhp (7.5 kW).
The goal in Baja SAE racing is to design, build and race off – road vehicle that can withstand the harshest elements of rough terrain. The vehicle used in Baja SAE racing are often similar in appearance to dune buggies. Before 2007, the event were called “Mini Baja.”
CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION (CVT):
A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automatic transmission that can change seamlessly through a continuous range of gear ratios. This contrasts with other transmission that provide a limited number of gear ratio in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant RPM while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.
GENERIC ENGINE BLOCK:
The Generic Engine block represent a general internal combustion engine. Engine types include spark – ignition and diesel. Speed – power and speed – torque parameterization are provided. A throttle physical signal input specifies the normalized engine torque. Option dynamic parameters include crankshaft inertia and response time lag. A physical signal port outputs engine fuel consumption rate based on choice of fuel prevent engine stall and enable cruise control.
MAIN PORTS:
1.B – Rotational Conserving port :representing the Engine Block (should be connected to rotational motion reference)
2.F – Rotational Conserving port :representing the engine crankshaft
3.T – physical signal input port :specifying the normalized engine throttle level
4.P – physical signal output port ;reporting the instantaneous engine power, in W
5.FC – Physical signal output port :reporting the fuel consumption rate, in kg/s
SIMPLE GEAR:
The simple gear block represents a gearbox that constrain the connected drive line axes of the base gear, B, and the follower gear, F, to corotate with a fixed ratio that is specified.
The follower – base gear ratio is
gFB = rf/rB = NF/NB
where:
•Ng is the number of teeth in the base gear
•Ng is the number of teeth in the follower gear
MAIN PORTS:
B – Base: Rotational mechanical conserving port associated with the base, or input, shaft.
F – follower: Rotational mechanical conserving port associated with the follower, or output, shaft.
VARIABLE RATIO TRANSMISSION BLOCK:
The variable ratio transmission block represent a gearbox that dynamically transfers motion and torque between the two connected driveshaft axes, base and follower.
Ignoring the dynamics of transmission compliance, the driveshafts are constrained to corotate with a variable gear ratio control that you control. you can choose whether the follower axis rotates in the same direction, wf and wb have the same sign. If they rotate in opposite direction, wf and wb have opposite sign.
Transmission compliance introduces internal time delay between the axis motions. Therefore, unlike a gear, a variable transmission does not act as a kinematic constraint. You can control torque loss caused by transmission and viscous losses.
MAIN PORTS:
1.B – base Pulley or Drive Pully
2.F – follower Pully or Drive Pulley
3.R – Variable Transmission Ratio (Input)
VEHICLE BODY BLOCK:
The Vehicle Block represents a two – axle vehicle body in longitudinal motion.The vehicle can have the same or a different number of wheels on each axle. For example, two wheel on the front axle and one wheel on the rear axle. the vehicle wheels are assumed identical in size. The vehicle can also have a center of gravity (CG) that is at below the plane of travel.
The block accounted for body mass, aerodynamic drag, road incline, and weight distribution between axles due to acceleration and road profile. Optionally include pitch and suspension dynamics. The vehicle does not move vertically relative to the ground.
The block has an option to include an externally – defined mass and an externally – defined Inertia and center of gravity of the vehicle body can vary over the course of simulation in response to system changes.
LIMITATTION:
The vehicle body block lets you model only longitudinal dynamics,Parallel to the ground and oriented along the direction of motion. The vehicle is assumed to be in pitch and normal equilibrium. The block does not model pitch or vertical movement. As such, the equations assume that the wheels never lose contact. This constraint can result in negative normal forces.
INPUT PORT:
1.Beta – Road incline Angle (rad) :physical signal input port for road incline angle
2.W – Head wind speed (m/s) :physical signal input port for road incline angle
3.CG – center of gravity (m) ; physical signal input port of externally defined mass relative to the cg of vehicle (only available with externally defined additional mass is set to on)
1.M – Mass (kg) :physical signal input port for mass of the externally defined mass (only available with externally defined additional mass is set to on)
1.J – Externally defined moment of inertia (in kg*m^2) :physical signal input port of the externally defined mass
OUTPUT PORTS:
1.NR – Rear Axle Normal force (N) : physical signal output for the rear axle which is considered positive acting downward
2.NF – Front Axle normal force (N) :physical signal output port for the rear axle which is considered positive acting downward
3.V – longitudinal velocity (M/s) ;physical output signal of vehicle velocity
CONSERVING PORTS:
H -Horizontal motion : conserving port related to the horizontal motion of vehicle body (tyres should be connected to this port)
DOUBLE SHOE BRAKE BLOCK:
The Double – Shoe brake block represent a frictional brake with two pivoted rigid shoes that press against a rotating drum to produce a braking action. The rigid shoes sit inside or outside the rotating drum in causes the rigid shoes to press against the rotating drum. Viscous and contact friction between the drum and the rigid shoe surface cause the rotating drum to decelerate.
Double – shoe brake provide high braking with small actuator deflections in applications that include motor vehicles and some heavy machinery. The model employs a simple parameterization with readily accessible brake geometry and friction parameters.
LIMITATION:
LIMITATION:
•Contact angles smaller than 45’ produce less accurate result.
•The brake uses the long – shoe approximation.
•The brake geometry does not self – lock .
•The model does not account for actuator flow consumption.
Input port:
F – physical signal input port associated with the applied actuating force
Conserving ports:
S – Rotational conserving port associated with the rotating drum shaft
Tire(magic formula) block:
The tire (magic formula) block models a tire with longitudinal behaviour given by the magic formula, an empirical equation based on four fitting coefficients. The block can model tire dynamics under constant or variable pavement conditions.
The longitudinal direction of the tire is the same as its direction of motion as it rolls on pavement. This block is structural component based on the tire road interaction block.
To increase the fidelity of the tire model, you can specify properties such as tire compliance, inertia, and rolling resistance. However, these properties increase the complexity of the tire model and can slow down simulation. Consider ignoring tire compliance and inertia if simulating the model in real time or if preparing the model for hardware – in – the – loop (HIL) simulation.
Equivalent model:
The full tire model is equivalent to this simscape / Simscape driveline component diagram. It simulates both transient and steady – state behaviour and correctly represents starting from, and coming to, a stop. The translation Spring and translation Damper are equivalent to the tire stiffness Cfx and damping bfx The tire – road interaction (Magic Formula) block models the longitudinal force Fx on the tire as a function of Fz and K’ using the magic formula, With k’ as the independent slip variable.
The Wheel and Axle radius is the wheel radius rw The Mass value is the effective mass, lwr2w. The tire characteristic function f(k’,fz)
Determines the longitudinal force Fx together with the driveshaft torque applied to the wheel axis, fx determines the wheel angular motion and longitudinal motion.
Without tire compliance, the Translation spring and Translational damper are omitted, and contact variables revert to wheel variables. In this case, the tire effectively has infinite stiffness, and port P of wheel and axle connects directly to port T of Tire – Road Interaction (Magic Formula).
Without tire inertia, the mass is omitted.
Limitations:
•The Tire (Magic Formula) block assumes longitudinal motion only and includes no camber, turning, or lateral motion.
•Tire compliance implies a time lag in the tire response to the forces on it. Time lag simulation increases model fidelity but reduces simulation performance.
Inputs ports:
N – Normal Force: Physical signal input port associated with normal force acting on the tire. The normal force is positive if it acts downward on the tire, pressing it against the pavement.
M – magic formula coefficient : Physical signal input port associated with the magic Formula coefficient. Provide the magic Formula coefficient as aa four – element vector, specified in the order [B,C,D,E].(Port M is exposed only if the Main > Parameterize by parameter is set to Physical signal magic formula coefficient)
Common tyre Parameters:
Magic formula B Coefficient : 10
Magic formula C Coefficient : 1.9
Magic formula D Coefficient : 1
Magic formula E Coefficient : 0.97
Output ports:
S – tire Slip: physical signal output port associated with the relative slip between the tire and road.
Conserving ports:
A – Axle : Mechanical translation port associated with axle that the tire sits on.
H – mechanical translation port associated with the wheel hub that transmits the thrust generated by the tire to the remainder of the vehicle
Other block Used:
1.Solver Configuration - To specify the solver parameters before starting the simulation
2.Signal builder – To input the brake Throttle and CAT Ratio
3.Simulink to PS Converter – To convert the Simulink signal to Simscape environment
4.PS To Simulink Converter – To convert Simulink signal to Simulink environment
5.Mechanical Reference – To make sure all the components are clamped to the ground
6.Rotational free end : The Rotational free end block represents a mechanical rotational port that rotates freely, without torque.
7.Scope – To display different graphs
8.Display – To view the calculate engine power
9.Inertia – To represent the solid inertia
10.Rotational Motion Sensor – To sense the rotational motion from the engine and give output as rpm
11. Ps terminator – Terminator for unconnected physical signal output
12. PS constant – Generate constant physical signal
13. Rotational Free End – For mechanical component (Tire)
14. Custom Measure Gauge – To measure that brake and throttle and brake inputs
15. Knob – To increase, decrease and vice – versa of throttle and brake inputs
16. Lookup Table – To insert the CVT values from the workspace
17. Step – To increase or decrease an input value for a defined time interval
BAJA ATV MODEL WITHOUT DASHBORD(CVT MODEL)
MAIN MODEL:
STEPS:
1.The throttle signal is generated by signal builder block and inputted to generic engine.
2.The torque and speed vector are inputted from the matlab workspace
3.The engine will generate thee output rpm which can be taken from the crankshaft output. This speed will be given to the Ideal Rotational Motion senser to sense the output rpm.
4.The same output speed will be given to a simple gear mechanism to reduce the speed where the gear Ratio is ‘4’.
5.Then the output speed from the gear reducer will bee given to thee variable Ratio transmission block (CVT)
6.The CVT ratio is provided to the Variable Ratio Transmission (CVT)
Block through Signal Builder.
7.The speed is controlled by the variable CVT ratio and controlled output speed is inputted to the vehicle axle.
8.The brake signal is generated by the signal builder and inputted to the vehicle body (Double shoe Brake) for applying the brake to axle.
9.The power from the CVT is inputted to the axle and the vehicle accelerates according to the speed.
10. Then the velocity is taken ass output from thee vehicle body for further analysis.
Input signal
Throttle input signal:
Throttle start at 0.3 and then it steps to 1 at the 20th second
Brake input signal:
The brake input remains zero through the whole simulation
Torque and speed Matlab workspace input:
CVT ratio input:
CVT ratio starts at 2.3 ,then 5 sec it gradually reduces until reaches 1.8 at 35th second and it remains so till the end of thee simulation
Engine Senser Sub – Block:
The sub block measure engine rotational speed as it takes the output of the engine as its input and outputs engine Rpm
CVT SUB BLOCK:
The CVT subblock provides the input and the output shaft of the CVT with inertia, and measures the input shaft rpm and output shaft rpm
Vehicle body subblock:
The model shows that the vehicle is rear drive as the output from the gearbox is inputted to the rear axle, then an inertia is added to simulate axle inertia, then the shoe brake s conserving port is connected to the axle, and then the same axle connect the two rear tyres while the front tyres is free to rotate on a rotational free end. All the tyres H hub port is connected together and then connected to the vehicle H port, Also the rear tyres N port is connected together and then connected to the vehicle body Nr output ports, while the front are connected to the Nf vehicle body output ports, the vehicle body takes the road inclination and wind velocity from physical constants.
Result:
Torque speed plot:
The torque and speed are inputted from the matlab workspace window to the generic engine block to generate the output RPM accordingly. This plot behaviour is generic to all ICE.
Engine speed plot:
The engine rpm generated according to the throttle, speed and torque inputs. It is clearly evident how the step increase in throttle at 20th second resulted in an increase in the engine revolution from 2,250 to 3,800 RPM
Engine speed vs. Gear reduction speed plot:
Hera we can see that engine speed is reduced by the Gear Ratio ‘4’
Maximum Rpm (before Reducing) = 3833 rpm was reduced to 958.25
Rpm which can be verified by dividing the 3833 by the gear reduction ratio 4
CVT Speed Reduction Plot:
The engine reduced speed is controlled by various CVT rations. For verification the maximum RPM calculated at 1.8 gear ratio which is applicable from the 35th second.
CVT Ratio = 1:18
Gear Ratio = Driven/Driver
1/1.8 = Driven/958.25
Driven = 958.25/1.8
The reduced maximum rpm is 532.36 rpm which can be verified from the plot.
Speed vs. Throttle Plot:
From the graph we can infer that the brake is not applied during the drive cycle and the throttle is constant (0.3) till 20 sec and being increased from 0.3 to 1 from 20 sec where it remains constant throughout. With increase in throttle thee vehicle speed increased from 30 to 55 kmph.
BAJA ATV MODEL – DATA EXTRACTION (CVT MODEL – DATA)
MAIN MODEL
STEPS:
The model workflow process is same as the process of ‘BAJA ATV model without Dashboard’. The small addition is here the CVT Ratio and Vehicle Speed data are extracted using ‘To Workspace’ block.
Results:
The result are same as ‘BAJA ATV model without Dashboard’ but an additional output is the CVT Ratio and vehicle Velocity to the Workspace.
Before to workspace block:
After to workspace block:
BAJA ATV MODEL WITH DASHBOARD (CVT MODEL_DASHBOARD):
MAIN MODEL:
DASHBOARD:
USER CONTROLS:
STEPS:
The model workflow process is same as the process of ‘BAJA ATV
Model without Dashboard’ but the throttle and brake inputs are controlled by the user with knobs.
Result:
Engine Speed Plot:
The engine speed is reduced by a factor of 4 at any moment in the drive cycle as it is evident by the curve.
CVT SPPEED REDUCTION PLOT:
The CVT gear reduction plot shows that at constant the reduction ratio of 1.8 is applicable at these large time frame and it can be verified by taking 689 constant RPM and dividing it by 1.8 = 383 RPM which verifies the plot
Speed vs. Throttle input:
From the graph we can infer that the vehicle is accelerating while throttle is applied ( Step up) and decelerated while break is applied ( step down). The constant speed areas represent no changes in throttle or braking.
BAJA ATV MODEL – MAPPING LOOKUP TABLE WITHOUT
Dashboard (cv Model_mapped)
Main model:
Steps:
The model workflow process is same as the process of ‘BAJA ATV model without Dashboard’ except that it used instead of Signal Builder Blocks for Brake and throttle input step input blocks are used. At 35 sec the brake input will take a step of value ‘0’ and at 20 sec throttle input will increases from 0.3 – 1 then remains constant throughout.
CVT SUBBLOCK:
The cvt subblock is the same as the previous model "BAJA ATV model without Dashboard" but instead of Signal Builder Block for CVT Ratio the 2-D Lookup Table is used. The interpolations and extrapolation methods are set to linear. It needs to be loaded in the workspace having the file name as Lookuptable_data.mat
Lookup Table: A lookup table is an array of data that maps input values to output values, thereby approximating a mathematical function. Given a set of input values, a lookup operation retrieves the corresponding output values from the table. If the lookup table does not explicitly define the input values, Simulink can estimate an output value using interpolation, extrapolation, or rounding, where:
- Interpolation is a process for estimating values that lie between known data points.
- Extrapolation is a process for estimating values that lie beyond the range of known data points - Rounding is a process for approximating a value by altering its digits according to a known rule.
A lookup table block uses an array of data to map input values to output values, approximating a mathematical function. Given input values, Simulink performs a "lookup" operation to retrieve the corresponding output values from the table. If the lookup table does not define the input values, the block estimates the output values based on nearby table values.
At last the vehicle speed output is given as a feedback to the 2-D Lookup Table so that we can verity that the velocity of the vehicle is changing perfectly when the CVT Ratio changes. The vehicle speed is converted to m/s from kmph.
Result:
CVT ratio plot:
When we compare the above plot, the ratio varies from 2.3-1.8 within timespan of 80 sec which is same as the previous BAJA ATV Models. And from 32 sec it's constant ratio of 1.8' compared to 35 sec in the first model. Also the reduction from 2.3 ratio to 1.8 is not perfectly linear as in the first model.
CVT ratio vs. vehicle velocity:
0 to 20 km/hr, the CVT ratio is constant at 2.3
20 to 30 km/hr, the CVT ratio drops down to 2.03
30 to 50 km/hr, the CVT ratio drops down to 1.8
50 km/hr onwards, the CVT ratio is constant at 1.8
Hence, we can conclude that the vehicle accelerates, decelerates and remains constant when the CVT Ratio is being varied.
Engine speed:
The same graph is shown in the first model
CVT Shaft Speed:
The output shaft speed follows the CVT ratio discussed before.
Speed vs. throttle plot:
It shows same result as the first model.
BAJA ATV – Mapped Lookup Table with
Dashboard (CVTmodel_dashboard_mapped):
Dashboard (simulation off):
Dashboard (simulation off):
User controls:
The model workflow process is same as the process of 'BAJA ATV model-mapped lookup table without Dashboard' but the Throttle and Brake inputs are controlled by the user with the Knob followed by the vehicle speed is given as feedback to the CVT Ratio lookup table.
Results:
CVT ratio plot:
In this BAJA ATV Model, the Engine is pre-set to run at 3300 rpm with the throttle value of 0.3. And the velocity at 45 KMPH. The CVT Ratio for minimum and maximum speed of the engine was pre-defined as 2.3 and 18 respectively. When the simulation is started the initial throttle value 0.3 is achieved so that the CVT Ratio is nearby to 1.85. When the throttle is being increased the CVT Ratio move towards 1.8 where the state is maximum engine speed. Simultaneously when the throttle is being decreased the CVT ratio will move towards 1.85. While the braking is applied the CVT Ratio increases so that it can achieve the nearest state of 2.3 (Minimum Engine Speed), When braking is reduced the CVT Ratio move towards 1.85 which is the basic throttle input 0.3 or if any other throttle value is applied it would reach that CVT Ratio state.
Engine speed plot:
From the graph we can infer that the vehicle was first running at minimum rpm of 3300 rpm and then throttle is applied (step-up) then braking (step-down) then brake is released so that engine rpm is increased then braking is applied.
Cvt speed reduction plot:
From the above graph we can understand that the throttle is applied (step-up) and then kept constant then braking is applied (step-down) then brake is released so that the engine spoed is increased with increase in throttle input
Speed vs. throttle plot:
From the plot we con infer that when throttle is appiled the vehicle speed increases and when brake is applied vehicle speed docreases. Simultaneous.
Reference: Matlab help