Project

Ans A

Thermal behavior describes how a substance behaves at different temperatures. The important characteristics in thermodynamic efficiency and emissions of internal combustion engines are thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and thermal stress.

The use of materials with low thermal conductivity, low thermal deformation, and low thermal stress enhances thermodynamic efficiency. The use of materials with high thermal conductivity will reduce emissions from internal combustion engines. Materials science advances can enable use of more suitable materials in engineering applications with lower thermal losses and higher thermal efficiency.

Ans B

Design and operation of internal combustion engines be optimized in below ways to improve their performance, efficiency, and environmental impact - engine downsizing, optimizing engine breathing, use of turbo, improvement in fuel injection, improvement in exhaust after treatment methods effective use of exhaust gases by charging or recirculation methods, hybridization, use of alternate fuels