ABINAYA MAM

THEORY

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves.An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.

Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out a sound wave at a frequency above the range of human hearing. The transducer of the sensor acts as a microphone to receive and send the ultrasonic sound. Our ultrasonic sensors, like many others, use a single transducer to send a pulse and to receive the echo. The sensor determines the distance to a target by measuring time lapses between the sending and receiving of the ultrasonic pulse.

The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels through the air and if there is an obstacle or object, it will bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the travel time and the speed of sound, the distance can be calculated.

Ultrasonic sensors are a great solution for the detection of clear objects. For liquid level measurement, applications that use infrared sensors, for instance, struggle with this particular use case because of target translucence.

For presence detection, ultrasonic sensors detect objects regardless of the color, surface, or material (unless the material is very soft like wool, as it would absorb sound.)

To detect transparent and other items where optical technologies may fail, ultrasonic sensors are a reliable choice.

 

PING))) Ultrasonic Distance Sensor Overview

Our PING)))™ ultrasonic sensor provides an easy method of distance measurement. This sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require you to perform measurements between moving or stationary objects.

Interfacing to a microcontroller is a snap. A single I/O pin is used to trigger an ultrasonic burst (well above human hearing) and then “listen” for the echo return pulse. The sensor measures the time required for the echo return, and returns this value to the microcontroller as a variable-width pulse via the same.

ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

This sensor is not affected due to atmospheric dust, rain, snow etc.
It can work in any adverse conditions.
It has higher sensing distance (in centimeters and inches) compare to inductive/capacitive proximity sensor types.
It provides good readings in sensing large sized objects with hard surfaces.It has sensing capability to sense all the material types.It has sensing capability to sense all the material types.

 

APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Anti-Collision Detection

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->People Detection

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Contouring or Profiling

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Presence Detection

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Box Sorting using a Multi-Transducer System

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Easy Control of Trash Collection Vehicles

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Pallet Detection with Forklifts

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Bottle Counting on Drink Filling Machines

 

 

 

PING))) Ultrasonic Distance Sensor Overview

Our PING)))™ ultrasonic sensor provides an easy method of distance measurement. This sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require you to perform measurements between moving or stationary objects.

Interfacing to a microcontroller is a snap. A single I/O pin is used to trigger an ultrasonic burst (well above human hearing) and then “listen” for the echo return pulse. The sensor measures the time required for the echo return, and returns this value to the microcontroller as a variable-width pulse via the same.

ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

This sensor is not affected due to atmospheric dust, rain, snow etc.
It can work in any adverse conditions.
It has higher sensing distance (in centimeters and inches) compare to inductive/capacitive proximity sensor types.
It provides good readings in sensing large sized objects with hard surfaces.It has sensing capability to sense all the material types.It has sensing capability to sense all the material types.

APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Anti-Collision Detection

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->People Detection

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Contouring or Profiling

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Presence Detection

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Box Sorting using a Multi-Transducer System

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Easy Control of Trash Collection Vehicles

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Pallet Detection with Forklifts

<!-- [if !supportLists]-->·      <!--[endif]-->Bottle Counting on Drink Filling Machines

 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Arduino board

ultrasonic sensor

connecting wires

PROGRAM

#define WINDOW_SIZE 5

int inches = 0;

int cm = 0;

int INDEX = 0;

int VALUE = 0;

int SUM = 0;

int READINGS[WINDOW_SIZE];

int AVERAGED = 0;

long readUltrasonicDistance(int triggerPin, int echoPin)

{

  pinMode(triggerPin, OUTPUT);  // Clear the trigger

  digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);

  delayMicroseconds(2);

                         // Sets the trigger pin to HIGH state for 10 microseconds

  digitalWrite(triggerPin, HIGH);

  delayMicroseconds(10);

  digitalWrite(triggerPin, LOW);

  pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

                    // Reads the echo pin, and returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds

  return pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

}

 

void setup()

{

  Serial.begin(9600);

}

 

void loop()

{

  // measure the ping time in cm

  cm = 0.01723 * readUltrasonicDistance(7, 7);

  // convert to inches by dividing by 2.54

  inches = (cm / 2.54);

  SUM = SUM - READINGS[INDEX];       // Remove the oldest entry from the sum

  VALUE = inches;                       // Read the next sensor value

  READINGS[INDEX] = VALUE;           // Add the newest reading to the window

  SUM = SUM + VALUE;                 // Add the newest reading to the sum

  INDEX = (INDEX+1) % WINDOW_SIZE;   // Increment the index, and wrap to 0 if it exceeds the window size

  AVERAGED = SUM / WINDOW_SIZE;  

                                  // Divide the sum of the window by the window size for the result

  Serial.println("The distance data is");

  Serial.println(inches);

  Serial.println("The smoothened distance data is");

  Serial.println(AVERAGED*100);

  delay(100); // Wait for 100 millisecond(s)

 

}