Project 2

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.a.

Definition :

The network of organs, tissues that help you breathe.

It includes airways,lungs and blood vessels.

The muscle that power lungs also part of respiratory system.

The main function of lungs is to work together with network and passes oxygen throughout out the body and eliminating the carbon dioxide.

b. Pathological states like asthma,cystic fibrosis ,tuberculosis and lung cancer are found.

c. Reasons for pathological condition are the conditions that affect the tissues and organs that make up respiratory system.

Some develop due to irritants breath in form of air including viruses and bacteria.

This leads to conditions like asthma, tuberculosis,pneumonia, bronchitis etc..

d. Homeostatic imbalance:-

It is known as fluctuation inability to maintain equilibrium and constant.

It leads to emphysema, bronchitis ,asthma,tuberculosis, lung cancer.

2. a. Diagnostic methods of tuberculosis :-

The most commonly used method is TB skin test and TB blood test.

In this test small amount of tuberculling is injected.

Blood test :

It helps in confirming or rule out latent or active type of TB.

Imaging test :

CT scan or X ray taken in case of sever conditions.

In this test it shows white spots in lungs.

Sputum test :

Mucus is collected and test for TB bacteria.

b. Data acquisition helps in predicting the disease and helps doctors to give treatment and suggest the treatment.

c. By above tests and data doctors differentiates the tuberculosis into latent and active types.

In latent type of TB there is no symptoms and illness.

It only give positive to TB skin test.

In active type the symptoms are seen and feel quite ill.

This can be treated in beginning stage with medicines.

3. a. In case of minor severity the medicine is give to kill and remove inactive TB bacteria.

b. In case severe conditions where the disease spreads from one to one then medication are given to patient for around 6 months.

In other conditions where the disease spreads from one place to other then they go for surgeries.

4. 1. The surgery is suggested in case of the disease becomes drug resistant.

In which drugs will not work in curing the disease.

The name of surgery performed in case of tuberculosis is thoracic surgery which is known as THORACOTOMY.

In earlier days this procedure is used to remove pus formed .

Thoracic surgery offers highly effective treatment of tuberculosis.

2. Surgical position of thoracotomy:

The lateral position is used in this surgery.

It helps to optimize surgical access to operative side.

Depending on side of body which the patient is being operated the patient will lie on their side.

VATS lobotomy - Video Assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

In this surgery the effected part is removed from lung.

It is performed through 1 to 3 small cuts are made and camera is Inserted and operated.

3. Surgucal procedure:

In this surgical procedure a cut is made between the ribs to see and reach the lungs or to see other organs in chest and thorax region.

Typically a thoractomy is performed on right or left side of chest.

An incision is made on front side is done.

4. Implants

In all conditions implants are not placed until unless it passed from one place to other place in body.

Example "spinal tuberculosis" where the surgery is made to spine in thoracic region and grafts are placed loosely.

5. Post surgical care :-

Pulmonary hygiene, physiotherapy, should not smoke , pain management ,epidural analgesia and intercostal catheter.

6.Tools used are scalpels, long curved mayo scissors,finchietto retractor, long curved metzenbaum,curved thermostats,toothed forceps.