Project-1: Powertrain for aircraft in runways

1) Search and list out the total weight of various types of aircrafts.

GROSS WEIGHT: It is the total weight of an aircraft at any moment during the flight or ground operation.

This gross weight can decrease during a flight due to fuel consumption.

TOTAL WEIGHT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF AIRCRAFTS:

MTOW=Maximum Take Off Weight.

MLW=Maximum Landing Weight.

Type	MTOW [kg]	MLW [tonnes]
Antonov An-225	640,000	591.7
Scaled Composites Model 351 Stratolaunch	589,670
Airbus A380-800[1][2][3]	575,000	394
Boeing 747-8F	447,700	346.091
Boeing 747-8	443,613	306.175
Boeing 747-400ER	412,770	295.742
Antonov An-124-100M	405,060	330
Boeing 747-400	396,900	295.742
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy[4][5][6]	381,000	288.417
Boeing 747-200[7]	377,840	285.700
Boeing 747-300[7]	377,840	260.320
Airbus A340-500[8]	371,950	240
Airbus A340-600[8]	367,400	256
Boeing 777F	347,800	260.816
Boeing 777-300ER	351,800	251.29
Boeing 777-200LR	347,450	223.168
Boeing 747-100[7]	340,200	265.300
Airbus A350-1000	308,000	233.5
Boeing 777-300	299,370	237.683
Boeing 777-200ER	297,550	213.00
Airbus A340-300[8][9]	276,700	190
McDonnell Douglas MD-11	273,300	185
Airbus A350-900	270,000	175
Ilyushin Il-96M	270,000	195.04
McDonnell Douglas DC-10	256,280	183
Boeing 787-9[10]	254,000	192.777
Boeing 787-10[10]	254,000	201.849
Airbus A340-200[8][11]	253,500	181
Airbus A330-900	251,000	191
Ilyushin IL-96-300	250,000	175
Airbus A330-300[12][13]	242,000	185
Airbus A330-200[12][13]	242,000	180
Lockheed L-1011-500	231,300	166.92
Boeing 787-8[10]	228,000	172.365
Lockheed L-1011-200	211,400
Ilyushin IL-86	208,000	175
Boeing 767-400ER	204,000	158.758
Airbus A300-600R[14]	192,000	140
Boeing 767-300ER	187,000	136.08
Concorde	185,000	111.1
Airbus A300-600[14]	163,000	138
Boeing 767-300	159,000	136.078
Airbus A310-300[14]	157,000	124
Vickers VC10	152,000	151.9
Boeing 707-320B[15]	151,000	97.5
Boeing 707-320C[15]	151,000	112.1
Douglas DC-8-61	147,000
Airbus A310-200[14]	142,000	123
Airbus A400M	141,000	122
Douglas DC-8-32	140,000
Douglas DC-8-51	125,000
Boeing 757-300	124,000	101.6
Boeing 707-120B[15]	117,000	86.3
Boeing 757-200	116,000	89.9
Boeing 720B[16]	106,000	79.5
Boeing 720[16]	104,000	79.5
Tupolev Tu-154M	104,000	80
Tupolev Tu-204SM	104,000	87.5
Convair 880	87,500
Boeing 737-900	85,000	66.36
Boeing 737-900ER	85,000	71.35
Boeing 727-200 Advanced[17]	84,000	70.1
Airbus A321-100[18]	83,000	77.8
Boeing 737-800	79,000	65.32
Boeing 727-200[17]	78,000	68.1
McDonnell-Douglas MD-83	73,000	63.28
Boeing 727-100[17]	72,500	62.4
Boeing 727-100C[17]	72,500	62.4
McDonnell-Douglas MD-90-30	71,000	64.41
de Havilland Comet 4	70,700
Boeing 737-700	70,000	58.06
Airbus A320-100[18]	68,000	66
Boeing 737-400	68,000	54.9
de Havilland Comet 3	68,000
Boeing 377	67,000
Boeing 737-600	66,000	54.66
Airbus A220-300	65,000	57.61
Hawker Siddeley Trident 2E	65,000
Airbus A319[18]	64,000	62.5
Boeing 737-300	63,000	51.7
Boeing 737-500	60,000	49.9
Airbus A220-100	59,000	50.80
Airbus A318[18]	59,000	57.5
Boeing 717-200HGW	55,000	47.174
Douglas DC-7	55,000
de Havilland Comet 2	54,000
Boeing 717-200BGW	50,000	46.265
de Havilland Comet 1	50,000
Douglas DC-6A	48,600
Douglas DC-6B	48,500
Embraer 190[19]	48,000	43
Caravelle III	46,000
Fokker 100	46,000	39.95
Douglas DC-6	44,000
Avro RJ-85	42,000	36.74
Handley Page Hermes	39,000
Embraer 175[20]	37,500	32.8
Bombardier CRJ900[21]	36,500	33.345
Embraer 170[22]	36,000	32.8
Bombardier CRJ700	33,000	30.39
Douglas DC-4	33,000
Vickers Viscount 800	30,400
Bombardier Q400	28,000	28.01
Bombardier CRJ200	23,000	21.319
ATR 72-600	22,800	22.35
Saab 2000	22,800	21.5
Embraer ERJ 145	22,000	19.3
ATR 42-500	18,600	18.3
Saab 340	13,150	12.930
Embraer 120 Brasilia	11,500	11.25
BAe Jetstream 41	10,890	10.570
Learjet 75[23]	9,752	8.709
Pilatus PC-24[24]	8,300	7.665
Embraer Phenom 300[25]	8,150	7.65
Beechcraft 1900D	7,765	7.605
Cessna Citation CJ4[26]	7,761	7.103
de Havilland Hercules	7,000
Embraer Phenom 100	4,800	4.43

2) Is there any difference between ground speed and air speed?

** Ground speed:

(1) Ground speed is the airplanes speed relative to the surface of the earth

(2) ground speed is what which determines how fast an aircraft will get to its destination

(3) Ground speed is simply the sum of airspeed and wind speed.

** Air speed:

(1) Air speed is the speed relative to the air it is flying in.

(2) Air speed is what which determines whether there is enough airflow around an aircraft to make it fly.

(3) Air speed is independent of ground speed.

3) Why is it not recommended to use aircraft engine power to move it on the ground at airport?

The risks which may arise from engine ground running would relate the loss of control of the aircraft by the one occupying the pilot seats in the flight.

Damages can occur to the aircraft itself, other aircraft nearby.

There is also an risk of injury to ground support personnel who may be standing very close to the aircraft.

The extensive amount of noise arising from the engine power is also dangerous for the human and other living things around the aircraft.

Therefore, for the above given reasons it is not recommended to use engine power to move on the ground.

4) How an aircraft is pushed to runway when its ready to take off?

In the aircraft movement in the runway pushback is an airport procedure during which an aircraft is pushed backwards away from the airport gate by external power.

Pushbacks are carried out by special, low profile vehicles called pushback tractors.

The aircrafts are capable of moving themselves backwards on the ground using reverse thrust, but this might cause many damages.

During this the engines also blow and and then suck them into the engine, which may cause damage to the engine.

Therefore, pushback is used to move the aircraft away from the gate.

Since the pilots cannot see behind the aircraft, steering is done by the pushback tracktor driver and not by the pilots.

After the pushback is completed, the aircraft can move forward under its own power.

5) Learn about take off power,tyre design,rolling resistance,tyre pressure,brake forces when landing.

TAKE OFF POWER:

In lighter aircraft full power is used during takeoff, large transport category aircraft may use a reduced power for takeoff, where less than full power is applied in order to reduce maintanence cost and reduce noise emission.

During emergency the power used can be increased to increase the aircrafts performance.

Before take off the engines are used to run at full power to check for the engine related porblems if any present.

During this process the noise ia also raised to a nominal 5-a5 nose up pitch altitude to increase lift from the wings and effect liftoff.

ROLLING RESISTANCE:

The resistance whic is obtained by the tyres against motion of the aircraft is caleed as rolling resistance, the rolling resistance is produced during take off and landing in the runway.

BRAKE FORCES:

Wheel brakes are usually selected to engage automatically after landing, they are called autobrakes, all airliners have several levels of autobrake severity.

The crew will only decide the which is most suitable to use for every landing depending upon factors like the runway wetness, runway dryness, length of the runway, etc....