Project 1

• Project Funding and Timely Payment to Agencies:

• Availability of Right Construction Materials and Workers:

• Fouling Utilities:

The fouling utilities is a major problem during consideration of metro projects during excations of a certain location it is seen with a place of electriacal and mechanical equipments and it is to be sorted out with seperate team with the clients and is to be done with the consideration of the project date and time with necessity.

• Selection of the Contractor and Consultant:

• Concept design
• Design specifications
• Design methodologies
• Types of structures
• Deliverables

The following are the consideration for process of construction

• Execution
• Planning and monitoring
• Project control
• Material management
• Quality management
• Health & safety management
• Vendor billing & Running account(RA- bill)

• FIDIC is well known for its work in defining the conditions of contracts for the construction of industry in world-wide.
• There are six books generally used in FIDIC contracts.
• Here, the contractor is awarded station work for one route and it may be lumpsum contract

As, per the conditions of the contract the contract can be formed as a RED BOOK

• In red book it is designed by the employer.
• It is most widely used contract.
• It can be an item rate or lumpsum contract as specified.
• It is administrated by the engineer.

2C. WHAT SHALL BE THE PARTICULAR CONDITION OF CONTRACT(PCC). PROVIDE 5 DIFFERENT CLAUSES.

• PARTICULAR CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT:

These Particular Conditions are amendments and additions to the General Conditions that form part
of the “Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects”.

• DETAILS OF DIFFERENT CLAUSES:
• CONTRACT:

Contract means the Contract Agreement, the Letter of Acceptance, these Conditions, the Employer’s Requirements, the Tender, and the further documents (if any) which are listed in the Contract.

• MONEY AND PAYMENTS:

Contract Price means the agreed amount stated in the Contract for the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects, and includes adjustments (if any) in accordance with the Contract.

Temporary Site means the places or temporary land which the Employer hands over under the title Temporary Land. This site is for the purpose of Temporary Works that are to be executed and to which Plant and Materials are to be temporarily stored. This Temporary Site will be a place considered to be forming a part of the site.

• PRIORITY OF DOCUMENTS:

The documents forming the Contract are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another. For the purposes of interpretation, the priority of the documents shall be in accordance with the following
sequence:
(a) The Contract Agreement,
(b) The Letter of Acceptance,
(c) The Schedule of Payments,
(d) The Agenda
(e) The Particular Conditions,
(f) These General Conditions,
(g) The Employer’s Requirements,
(h) The Contractor’s Tender/Proposal, and any other documents forming part of the Contract.

• THE EMPLOYER:

The time for giving the Contractor right of access to, and possession of, all the Site parts of the Site, shall be within 7 (Seven) days from the date of signing of this Contract.

This Sub‐Clause is subject to the provision that under no circumstances whatsoever shall the Employer be under any duty or obligation to carry out any of the matters stated in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this Sub‐Clause, and any failure by the Employer to provide assistance in respect of such matters shall not relieve the Contractor from his duties, obligations or responsibilities under the Contract.

• DESIGN:

The Employer shall not be responsible for any error, inaccuracy or emission of any kind in the Employer’s Requirements as originally included in the Contract and shall not be deemed to have given any representation of accuracy or completeness of any data or information, except as stated
below. Any data or information received by the Contractor.

Prior to the issue of any Taking‐Over Certificate, the Contractor shall supply to the Employer.
(a) 1 set original hard‐copy and soft‐copy for Architectural/Civil Works (with complete product specifications, origin, supplier name and details).
(b) 1 set original hard‐copy and soft‐copy for services.

2D. QUALIFICATION CRITERION FOR CONTRACTOR:

• Nationality : Nationality in accordance with the requirement
• Conflict of intrest: No conflicts of intrests accordance to the letter of bid
• Government Owned Entity of the Borrower: Conditions as required by the forms attached of fininacial criteria.
• History of NonPerforming Contracts: Non-performance of a contract did not occur as a result of contractor’s default in the past five (5) years.
• Suspension Based on absence of Bid Security: Not under suspension based absence of a Bid Security pursuant or withdrawal of a Bid pursuant.
• Pending litigation : All pending litigation shall in total not represent more than one hundred percent (100%) of the Bidder’s net worth and shall be treated as resolved against the Bidder.
• Historical Debarment/ Blacklisting/ Termination: The bidders or any member of JV/ Consortium must not have been banned or blacklisted by any Central / State government department/ Urban
  Local Bodies or public sector and such blacklisting should not be effective on the date of Bid Submission.
• Financial Capabilities: The Bidder shall demonstrate that it has access to, or has available, liquid assets, unencumbered real assets, lines of credit, and other financial means (independent of any contractual advance payment) sufficient to meet the construction cash flow requirements as estimated.
• Bid Capacity: Evaluation of Bid Capacity by The Bidders will be qualified only if their available bid capacity is more than the approximate cost of work as per METRO assessment. Available bid capacity will be calculated.
• Average Annual Construction Turnover: The average annual construction turn over is to be shown as per last five financial years and banking certificates to claim of the project.
• Construction Experience: A minimum of similar contracts specified below (i.e. either 1 / 2 /3) that have been satisfactorily completed as a prime contractor, joint venture member during last 10 (Ten) years i.e., up till the last date (or extended last date) of submission.

3. OWNER IS PREPARING BUDGET FOR THE CIVIL PART

3A. EXPECTED SCOPE OF WORK FOR DESIGN AND BUILD TYPE OF CONTRACT

• Project Description:
  The Project is located in hyderabad in the state of telangana which is a metro project which includes of two lines in phase-1,
  • LINE-1, LB NAGAR - FALAKNAMA - SHAMSHABAD AIRPORT -(28KM)- 8 STATIONS.
  • LINE-2, RAIDURG - GACHIBOWLI - SHAMSHABAD AIRPORT -(32KM) - 10 STATIONS.
• The elements detailed in the preliminary plans contained in the RFP Information Package
  are considered to be the basic Project configuration. Modifications such as additional right-ofway requirements, design exceptions/waivers, and environmental impacts due to adjustments of
  this design may be required as described elsewhere in this document. However, the Offerors
  should note that they are solely responsible for any schedule and cost impacts due to these
  modifications and National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) document re-evaluations
  associated with the Offeror’s design changes.
• Anticipated Scope of Work:
  The anticipated scope of work to be undertaken by the Design & contractor under the designbuild contract for this Project will be identified in the RFP. This work is anticipated to include,
  among other things:
• Completing design.
• Supporting VDOT in acquiring all environmental permits and approvals.
• Performing roadway and bridge construction.
• Providing quality assurance and quality control for design and construction.
• Providing overall project management. Brief descriptions of this anticipated work are set forth below.
• Anticipated Design Services:
  Design services shall address all items necessary for construction and operation of the
  completed facility. Design services are anticipated to include but are not limited to: surveying,
  Request for Proposals Approaches. which include roadway design , bridge design, traffic control devices including traffic signals, maintenance of traffic plans, signs, guardrail, pavement markings and marker plans, drainage design, design of stormwater management facilities, geotechnical investigation including borings and analysis, materials analysis, hydraulic and hydrologic analysis, scour analysis and pavement design.
  Other data collection and technical studies anticipated include: geotechnical investigation, borings and analysis, and materials analysis.
• The Design-Builder will be responsible for the final design and construction of the project of stations.
  VDOT has completed a Federal Highway Administration (“FHWA”) approved
  Programmatic Categorical Exclusion (“PCE”) dated August 25, 2009 in accordance with the
  requirements of the NEPA. The Design-Builder will comply with all environmental
  commitments as identified in the PCE, Environmental Certification, and Plans, Specifications
  and Estimates re-evaluation.
• Anticipated Right-of-Way and Utilities:
  All right-of-way and easements required for the construction of the project have been acquired. It is anticipated that no additional right-of-way and/or easements are necessary. The Design-Builder shall be responsible for assuming all risks associated with the acquisition of additional right-of-way or easements (to accommodate its unique solution), including any public hearings that may be required, and no modifications to the Contract Price or Contract Time will be granted or considered. Any additional easements for the convenience of construction access shall be the responsibility of the Design-contractor. Any additional right-ofway acquisition costs (compensation paid to landowners for right-of-way or easements and administrative expenses) will be paid by the Design-contractor and should be included in the design-build price proposal. These costs are specifically payments to the landowner for land, damages, relocation of displaced people and businesses and do include administrative expenses
  incurred by the Design-contractor. Access shall be maintained at all times to properties during
  construction.
• Anticipated Construction Services:
  Construction services are anticipated to include, but are not limited to including crossovers of the median, earthwork,performing off metro activity roadway, bridge and structures (including all necessary excavation, foundation work, substructure work, and superstructure work), the demolition and removal of portions of the existing roadways, demolition and removal of existing structure, drainage, storm water
  management, transportation management plan, traffic control devices, erosion and sediment control and all other environmental requirements and commitments including those from the regulatory approvals and permits secured, as well as all other environmental commitments from the PCE and as indicated in the Forms.
• Anticipated Environmental Services:
  The Design-contractor shall be responsible for compliance with pre-construction and
  construction-related environmental commitments and permit conditions. The Design-contractor
  shall assume all obligations and costs incurred by complying with the terms and conditions of the
  permits and certifications. Any fines associated with environmental permit or regulatory violations shall be the responsibility of the Design-contractor.
  Design-contractor will be responsible for notifying of plan revisions, scope changes,
  and providing any necessary studies and other necessary information to support the project.

• EPC stands for Engineering, procurement & construction and these are also called turnkey contracts,because the contractor is responsible for the operation of the project for a certain period.

The list of 5 contractors for EPC are:

• LARSEN & TURBO LIMITED
• TATA PROJECTS LIMITED
• IRCON INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
• KEC CONSORTIUM
• ITD CEMENTATION INDIA LIMITED

3C. APPROXIMATE COST OF DESIGN ACTIVITY:

3D. APPROXIMATE COST OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY:

IF the overall capital cost amounts to Rs. 3522.27 Crore at Jan’13 price level including design
charges @ 2%, general consultancy charges @ 6% on all items except land and rolling stock
and 5% contingencies on all items. These costs cover all taxes, like excise duty, custom duty,
VAT, etc.

4. Assume that you are working for a Contractor company and awarded the contract of Design and build the Stations of route. Prepare the details below.

4A. PREPARE THE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF COMPANY WITH ROLES

The owner/CEO sits at the top of the organizational chart, typically followed by the general manager, department managers, project managers, project supervisors, project coordinators, and finally the workers.

Here are the most common five basic function units / departments for construction companies:

• Project / construction operations department
• Financial department
• Human resources department
• Purchasing department
• Engineering department
• Marketing / development department

Within these departments, the specific roles such as project coordinator are defined within a hierarchical structure. The structure should make clear how decisions are made and the way that communication should flow, from the department head down to the workers. The level of authority given to each role will depend on both the size of the organization and the personal preference of the owner and department heads.

• The owner or CEO is the highest-ranking person at the company. They are responsible for the overall growth and profitability of the business.
• The general manager makes decisions regarding the company’s employees in order to direct the day-to-day operations of the company and help the company achieve its goals.
• Project managers ensure that projects are completed on time and stay within budget by helping to resolve any issues that pop up.
• Project supervisors oversee the project to ensure that bills of quantities and labor requirements are being handled properly.
• The project coordinator supervises the day-to-day work of the project and makes sure workers are completing their tasks.

4B. PREPARE THE RACI MATRIX FOR THE ROLES

The RACI matrix is attached in the below pdf.

4C. PREPARE THE PROJECT CHARTER.

The Project charter is attached in the below pdf.

5. Assume that you are working for a Contractor company and awarded the contract of Design and build the Stations of route.Prepare the details below.

5A. LIST 5 POSSIBLE DETAIL DESIGN CONSULTANT

• DDC (Detailed Design Consultants) may be individuals, consultancy firms or joint ventures well experienced in the respective categories. Applicants must read carefully the directions concerning the requirements for groups. All members of a group will have their submittals evaluated.
• DDCs will be short-listed for following categories of works:
  Structural design of railway bridges, FOBs/ROBs of :
  (i) Steel/Composite (Steel+Concrete) Super structure.
  (ii) PSC/RCC Super Structure.
  (iii) Substructure/Foundation of Any type.
• AYESA Ingenieria y Arquitectura, S.A.U
• Consulting Engineers Group Ltd. (CEG)
• Egis Rail
• Rajeev Garg
• STUP Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

5B. HIGH LEVEL SCOPE OF WORK FOR DDC.

• Their scope generally include, but are not limited to:
• Producing concept planning and design alternatives of elevated and interchange stations for review.
• Review of alignment in general and station locations in particular with a view of optimization of neighborhood connectivity and MMI integration. Detailed review of alignment with respect to construction cost optimization and ease of construction and providing alignment drawings for Civil work tenders.
• Perform cost effective detailed designs of Architectural, Structure (including track
  supporting structure), Building Electrical and Mechanical services, based on
  Contract Engagement of Detailed Design Consultant (DDC) for Civil, Architectural and E & M
  Works of hyderabad metro rail consisting of 58km of which 1.7km is underground tunnel Consisting
  of 18 stations.Approved designs and design criteria for elevated stations.
• Manage the design task for cost, schedule and performance compliance.
• Preliminary design for stations, viaduct as per project requirement for tendering process.
• Proof checking of structural design and scheme of construction suggested by the Contractor for elevated stations, sub-structure and superstructure of viaduct.
• Perform detailed designs for building works, the fitting out of stations with architecture finishes and services including illuminations, lifts, escalators, water supply, drainage, power supply and other passenger amenities.
• Perform detailed designs for multi-modal transfer facilities for road and pedestrian traffic, landscaping, traffic management and road and station interfaces for the surrounding roads and neighborhood.
• Review and suggest change as necessary in the detailed designs done by Design Build Contracts for viaduct works to the plan made by contractor for temporary and permanent diversion works for all utilities affected by the station works / viaducts. Take into account utilities identified by contractors during execution and design structures accordingly. Provide items in the Contract BOQ for diversion of
  these utilities. Review of alignment plan duly marked with, utilities identified by concerned agencies which will be given to DDC in hard/ soft copies by HMRA.
• Co-ordinate and integrate designs and details with contractors and consultants employed by NMRC working on contracts pertaining/relevant to the site of works for this contract regarding DDC’s drawings;
• Integration of Building Services with the existing M&E systems at stations including fire compartmentation.
• Prepare and update during construction Combined Services Drawings (CSD), Structural-Electrical-Mechanical Opening Drawings (SEM) and identify embedded items/openings indicating system wide information for the purpose of E & M coordination and civil construction interfaces.
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis, if required by HMRA.
• Prepare BOQs, special specifications, construction cost estimates for the associated construction contracts for tendering by HMRA and modify the cost estimate as necessary before the contract is awarded. The BOQs, special Contract Engagement of Detailed Design Consultant (DDC) for Civil, Architectural and E & M Works of HMRA of line-1,2 of 58km for airport.
• specifications, construction cost estimate is to be prepared separately for stations and for BOQ of chartered utilities in a number of packages as decided by NMRC so as to facilitate NMRC to call construct only tenders in different contract packages
• Incorporate and co-ordinate changes in design due to system wide interfacing with other DDCs/ Contractors/ HMRA.
• Incorporate changes in design resulting from HMRA design reviews.
• Consult and co-ordinate with various City and Government authorities that interface with the HMRA project. HMRA will assist with the co-ordination.
• Prepare necessary documentation and obtain necessary planning and other required approvals for the integrated complex consisting of Station designs, Station layouts, track supporting structures including E&M facilities and fire detection/ suppression system, conceptual layouts and drawings for property
  development, if any, from the relevant approving authority.
• Plan, design, detail, control, co-ordinate, and execute the design phase of the Works for production of drawings, documents and reports to meet the key schedule dates included in the Agreement and as directed by HMRA.
• Maintain a Quality Control activity and an effective internal procedure for checking the accuracy of Work and assuring compliance with contractrequirements.
• Attend meetings connected with the Work whenever required and Make available their services as and when required during the construction contract to modify existing designs or drawings as necessary to incorporate site conditions and unforeseen conditions; to assist HMRA's site supervision staff in
  clarification of queries resulting from the design; to review and confirm Contractor prepared "As-Built" drawings.
• Provide Value Engineering inputs to HMRA before and after award of civil and E&M contracts
• Implementation of BIM System for DDC Services:
• DDC shall implement BIM system for executing and delivering the services set out in this Agreement.
• Building Information Modelling (BIM) uses computing power and systems to create 3D models of all kind of buildings and infrastructure, with information about its design, operation and current condition. At the planning and design stage it enables designers, owners and users to work together to produce the best possible designs and to test them virtually before they are constructed. During construction, it enables HMRAs, contractors and suppliers to integrate all components cutting out waste and reducing
  the risk of errors.
• In operation it provides users with real-time information about available services and facility managers with accurate assessments of the condition of assets.
• All station designs (including architectural design, structure design, E&M services design, interior fit outs, plumbing design etc.) as well as viaduct designs/proof checking shall be done using BIM modelling. DDC shall implement the necessary hardware, software and human resources towards this end. 3D Coordination between all disciplines shall be achieved by incorporating them in a single model.
• BIM Model LOD and related deliverables shall be as per Clients requirement. DDC shall be required to produce, update and present to NMRC on a fortnightly basis an integrated 3D BIM model incorporating rail track, topography, architecture, structure, plumbing and all other building services and system wide requirements in design review meetings.
• These models shall be 3D rendered and shall help in design visualization and clash detection of elements as well as finalization of design.
• The DDC shall deploy one BIM expert in addition to the team specified in organization structure and who shall be housed in either HMRA.

5C. DEFINE IMPORTANT CLAUSES OF DESIGN CONTRACT BASED ON FIDIC SILVER BOOK.

• In the same way that unforeseen ground conditions may impact the certainty as to outturn of the contract price and time for completion, the issue of design liability can play a major role in determining the extent to which the turnkey solution is deliverable.
• Turnkey arrangements necessarily suggest that the contractor is required to take full responsibility for the entirety of the design of the works. This will often be a point of contention, particularly where initial
  design work has been undertaken on behalf of the owner, with such designs being provided to the contractor during the tender stage with the requirement that it is to take on full responsibility for such design.
• Numerous disputes arise in practice where there are changes in the design of the works following award of the contract. Such variations in design will be argued to give rise to relief for the contractor in terms of time and money entitlement.
• The counter-argument to this (in the case of changes in design) is to characterise the change as simply design development, which does not serve to increase the contractor’s entitlement to time or money. It may be instructive to consider the treatment under clause 5.1 of the FIDIC Silver Book.
• which addresses general design obligations:
• The Contractor shall be deemed to have scrutinised, prior to the Base Date, the Employer’s Requirements (including design criteria and calculations, if any). The Contractor shall be responsible for the design of the Works and for the accuracy for such Employer’s Requirements (including design criteria and calculations), except as stated below:
• Having established this deemed universe where the contractor has scrutinised the owner’s designs the FIDIC Silver Book pushes home the point further, going on:
• The Employer shall not be responsible for any error, inaccuracy or omission of any kind in the Employer’s Requirements as originally included in the Contract and shall not be deemed to have given any representation of accuracy or completeness of any data or information, except as stated below.
• Any data or information received by the Contractor, from the Employer or otherwise, shall not relieve the Contractor from his responsibility for the design and execution of the Works.
• The rest of the same clause then goes on to carve out from the matters for which the contractor is responsible a number of matters for which the owner retains responsibility but the list is very limited in scope.
• Hence the approach of the FIDIC Silver Book is for the EPC/turnkey contractor to create a single design liability wrap around the project, with the contractor being responsible both for the integration of the design and the construction of the works.
• Conversely, there may be other provisions in the contract, such as notes on drawings or process diagrams forming part of the employer’s requirements, that indicate that the design has not yet been fixed and remains to be confirmed, say by the equipment vendors.
• Owners may seek to tighten up and improve on such provisions by using devices seen elsewhere in the FIDIC Silver Book (as well as in the ICE forms), namely further deeming provisions. Thus, clauses that deal with the sufficiency of the contract price and all of the risks, contingencies and other factors that the contract is deemed to make allowance.

5D. DEFINE DELIVERABLES EXPECTED FROM THE DDC.

• Design basis documents:

The document includes the data regarding the assumption or consideration of design.

It documents the major design criteria and recommendation for design & project details are as followed in the design.

The document also consists of geological information for consideration of design and the document also constrains if any design purposes.

• Design caluculations:

This document includes the project information and different structural information and loading criteria, materials with standards as follows.

It has details of the construction materials, properties, design caluculations which are approved and verified.

• Material specification:

Material specification are issued to enable the procurement & all structural and architectural materials with consumables are provided.

Specification include the type of material,sizes,shape and properties to ensure the construction as required.

• Drawings & 3Dmodels:

The most important deliverable of engineering is drawings which is primary requirement for site to work.

The IFC drawings are used for construction. Generally 3D models are also used for quantity estimate and clash deduction can be carried with ease.

2D drawings can be extracted from 3D models to reduce the effects of drafting by directly updating in 3D model.

6. Assume that you are working for a Contractor company and awarded the contract of Design and build the Stations of route. Prepare the details for below points for construction scope.

6A. LOCATION AND AREA REQUIREMENT FOR MAN POWER WORKING ON SITE.

The HMRA provides the location for the working manpower which describes the requirements of goals and objectives to be considered.

• Deciding Goals or Objectives.
• Audit of the Internal Resources.
• Formulation of the Recruitment Plan.
• Estimating Future Organisational Structure and Manpower Requirements.
• Developing of Human Resource Plan.

6B. Location and area requirement for laydown for precast if any.

The HMRA would provide the location for the storage of precast material at near the site or transportation cost would be provided.

• Preferably elements to be stored in a manner similar to their final position unless they are required to tilt. Tilting of elements at early stage to be avoided as far as possible. The support system used in storage is very important. A two-point, simple support system to be used to support all shapes of precast elements.
• Elements to be stored in such a way that the identification marks are discernible. Elements to be separated by proper dunnage across full width of each bearing point. Elements to be stacked so that lifting devices are accessible and undamaged.

6C. LIST OF 3BULK MATERIALS REQUIRED ON THE PROJECT ALONG WITH HIGH LEVEL QUANTITIES.

• Precasted members (comprises of cement,sand,aggregate).
• Requirement of steel.
• Rail Guage.
• Signalling network.
• Rolling stock.
• Power transmissions.

6D. CARRY OUT THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY ANALYSIS FOR 3MATERIALS. MAKE REQUIRED ASSUMPTION.

The formula for EOQ is SQRT(2*NA/CI)

1. Total units of steel required per year(N) - 80,000.

Cost of each MT of steel (c) - 76000

Order cost (A) - 15000

Annual carrying cost (I) - 8

Economic order quantity - 62.82

2. Total units of aggregate required per year(N) - 100000.

Cost of each MT of steel (c) - 650

Order cost (A) - 15000

Annual carrying cost (I) - 12

Economic order quantity - 620.20

3. Total units of aggregate required per year(N) - 18000.

Cost of each MT of steel (c) - 250

Order cost (A) - 9000

Annual carrying cost (I) - 12

Economic order quantity - 3286.3

6E. LIST OF POSSIBLE SUBCONTRACTOR PACKAGES TO BE AWARDED WITH POSSIBLE NAMES OF SUBCONTRACTORS.

7. Assume that you are working for a Contractor company and awarded the contract of Design and build the Stations of route. Prepare the details for below points.

7A. LIST 5 MAJOR EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION.

• Tunnel boring excavator.
• All terrain cranes.
• Gantry cranes.
• Excavators.
• Concrete mixer truck.

7B.

• The most important descision for any contracting company is to hire or procure the equipment for project execution.
• Owning the equipment includes the capital cost of purchase along with operation cost of maintainance.
• However, in case of renting, no capital and maintainence is involved. While rent is paid based on the duration of usage.
• The situation is preffered in which buying is preffered are as below.
• When equipment is expected to be a part of the fleet and service is expected for longer period.
• Company is in a position of investing the large sum of money upfront.
• Company looks for tax benfits against the depreciation of assets.
• The situation in which renting is preffered as below.
• If the requirement is short term & the equipment may not be required for longer period.
• Company cannot afford capital investment.
• Company does not have setup to maintain the machinery.
• To maintain the owned asset, the company would require a set-up to ensure if the equipment is in working condition.
• In the case of renting equipment, the responsibility for servicing and maintaining the equipment rests with the renting company.
• There is an option of leasing the equipment, which is for long term rental.

7C. ASSUME CERTAIN CAPACITY OF 5 EQUIPMENTS ON PROJECT, DETERMINE FUEL REQUIREMENT CONSIDERING NORMAL DAILY USAGE.

• Excavator - 25 ton - 20litres
• Crane - 330 ton - 25 litres
• Terrain cranes -1200 ton - 80litres
• Side boom catterpillar- 70ton - 38litres
• Concrete mixer - 2lit/hr

7D. PREPARE THE BUDGET OF 5 MAJOR EQUIPMENT ON THE SITE.