Challenge

Identification of Cracks

1)What is the mode of failure or damage of the beams in the figure above? Are the damages repairable? Elaborate

This cracks will be formed due to the flexural failure of beam. The flexural strength known as modulus of rupture, bent strength, or fracture strength, is a material property, defined as the stress in a material just before it yields in a flexure test.
The flexural trength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of rupture.It is measured in terms of stress.
To overcome this type of failure, mainsteel is provided at the bottom and top of the beam. The damages are repairable to repair damaged beams.
Locate a local welder or metal shop and request angle iron. Cut and drill to the length of the beam being repaired Remove any pipes, wires, etc.
Currently going through the beam Be sure to turn off the water power etc. Before doing so, pry the joist hanger away from the beam. Mount the angle iron on the Jack and the temporary post Get the angle iron in place and slowly raise the Jack until the angle iron is wedged up against the damaged beam.
Screw the angle iron into the beam and remove the temporary post. slide any pipe or wires previously removed back through the beam and turned the water.

This cracks are formed due to the mistake done in the construction and honeycombing in concrete avoid using high slump concrete.Concrete of moderate slump less than 5 inches result in less cracking.
High slump concrete can only be used if it is controlled by concrete admixtures or designed such that segregation and bleeding of concrete is controlled.
Concrete admixtures such as water reducsers or super plasticizers can be used to increace slump while reducing addition of water content.
Air entertained concrete can also be produce to increase slump especially when concrete is to be subjected to freeze and the cycle.
The honeycombing occurs when the fine mortar fails to thoroghly fall and fill the gaps createdby the coarse aggregate.
As mentioned previsously poor concrete consolidation is usually the top cause of honeycombing along with poor vibration improper ratio of fine to coarse aggregate dry concrete and construction conditions that are not up to standard.

THis cracks are formed due to the beam-column -weak beam design beams are expected to form plastic hinges at their ends and develop flexural overstrength beyond the design strength.
the internal forces developed at plastic hinges cause critical bond conditions in the longitudinal reinforcing bars passing through the joint and impose high shear demand in the joint core.
the bond performance of the bars anchored in a joint affects the shear resisting mechanism to a significant textent.

QUESTION-2

This will be formed due to the flexural failure of acolumn columns have the most important role in allmstructural members of abuilding.
According to the base civil enggineering concept columns failure wants to be occuring after beams and the other components damages .
performance of existing buildings in earthquakes indicates that the beams are less vulnearble to damage appears to be less critical to performance as compared with that of columns and column -beam jonts.

This crack will be formed due to the shear failure of acolumn lateral loads in a structure are carrying by vertical elements such as columns and shear walls
when there are no shear walls columns carry these lateral loads lateral loads are generated by winds and earthquakes loads from retaining structures etc.
Shear links are are provided to columns based on the shear forces exerted on them further the size of the columns is increased in the direction of shear to increase the shear capacity.

This cracks are formed due to the short column failure in short columns,failure takes place due to yeildeing and we define this phenomenon as CRUSHING.
Short column are classified based upon slenderness ratio which is the ratio of the effective length(length between point of zero moments )and least lateral diemension of the column.
Failure of column usuallydue to anyone of the following stresses developed in the column short column will fail only beacuse of direct compressive stress developed in the column or we can also say that short column will usually fail due to direct compression or crushing.

Ship work like this
in your own course.