Identification of Cracks

1. A - Here concrete is crapled down and reinforcement is exposed

and concrete spalled beyond reinforcement is called rupture

As the top portion is look safe then we can see crack are develop from bottom to top

It is form of Flexural faliure due to reversal stress during earthquake

Top compression is managed by slab but bottom tension has not satisfied by the reinforcement

since then it is not repaired because reinforcement got yielded .

1. B - Crack along beam - column edge

Crack are much wider as it develop through structure

Here concrete is not severly crushed.

It is beam pull out faliure due to insufficient development joint

During earthquake horizontal moment cause these faliure

It is not repairable

1. C - Crack are at joint of column and beam

Crack are developed through entire width

Slab has also developed some crack

It is plastic hinge faliure

Cyclic lateral loading and stress reversal at the joint led to the damage

the joint can be strenghthened

2. A- Concrete damage at top of column

Beam are safe

Concrete damage all around the column

It soft storey faliure or plastic hinge

Due to absence of walls at the ground floor The plastic hinge form at top of the ground

It can be either repairable and non repairable

2. B- Concrete developed complete breakage digonally

Longitudinal reinforcement are intact

Shear reinforcement look wider

It is shear faliure

2.C - Column falied completely

Faliue at top of the column

Wooden pile are attached to stop faliure of entire structure

IT is short column Faliure

Additional salb and beam is added lead to faliure

It is not repairable