Identification of Cracks

1a.

* The concrete is fully crushed and damaged and the reinforcement is clearly visibiling out.The concrete spalled beyond the rienforcement its a sign for the process of rupture.

* Its a form of flexural failure due to reversal of stress during earthquakes.

* During the process of stress reversal the supporta at top experiences the compression tension and the support at bottom expeirinces the tensile trnsion.

* The top compression tension is managed by the slab advantage and the bottom tensile tension was not satisfied by the

provided reinforcement.

* Since, the reinforcement got yielded its not possible for the process of the repairing.

1b.

* The cracks are along the beam column edge.It seems to have developed through the structure as it looks much wider.

Beam looks seperated from the column at the joints.It looks like the concrete is not severly crushed.

* Its beam pullout failure due to insufficient development length of the reinforcement in the joints.

* During earthquakes,the horizontal movement of structures makes this condition worse and detach the beam members from column.

* The process of providing the anchorage length between the two existing concrete is too difficult so its not possible for the repairing.

1c.

* Its a plastic hinge failure,The damage occured only in the joint zone first of all.

* Cyclic lateral loading and the stress reversal at the joints leads to the damage .

* Even the slab participated to its best to handle the tension.But unable to control the damage.

* The joints can be strengthened.

2a.

* Concrete damaged at the top of the column and all around the column face.Beams are safe.The location of column looks at the edge of the column.no walls are built along the column means it is probably at ground floor.

* Its a soft sorey failure,technically plastic hinge formation.Due to absense of infill walls at the ground floor,the plastic hinge forms at the top ground storey columns.

* Based on development of crush of concrete, It can be either repairable or non repairable.

2b.

* The concrete developed the complete brekage daigonally.The longitudinal reinforcement are intact.The shear reinforcement looks wider.

* It is a pure shear failure,Inadequate reinforcement compells concrete takes all the shear stresses.

2c.

* The column failed completely,failure at the top of the column,There are two slabs connected to the column.Probably one is at the mid height of the column.The wooden piles might be poist failure support after the column failed,providing temporary props to avoid the collapse of the entire structure.

* Its a short column failure,an additional slab or beams are connected to a column in mid hgeight leads to effect.This leads to failure especially if the connection is un intentional and not occured in design.The failure given in the picture is not

all repairable.