Cyclone Separator Challenge

Aim:

To perform analysis on cyclone separator and calculate the separation efficiency and pressure drop.

Objective:-

1. To write a few words about any four empirical models used to calculate the cyclone separator efficiency.
2. To perform an analysis on a given cyclone separator model by varying the particle diameter from 1 μm to 5 μm and calculate the separation efficiency in each case. Discuss the results. [Use both the velocity's as 3m/sec.]
3. To perform an analysis on a given cyclone separator model by varying the particle velocity from 1 m/sec to 5 m/sec and calculate the separation efficiency and pressure drop in each case. Discuss the results. [Use particle diameter size as 5 μm for all cases & keep flow velocity same as particle velocity]

Given conditions:

Inlet and wall:- Reflect

Outlet(Top):- Escape

Outlet(Bottom/dustbin) - Trap

Cyclone seperators:

Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices dry scrubbers that use the principle of inertia to remove particulate matter from flue gases. Cyclone separators is one of many air pollution control device known as precleaners since they generally remove larger pieces of particulate matter. This prevents finer filtration methods from having to deal with large, more abrasive particles later on. In addition, several cyclone separators can operate in parallel, and this system is known as a multicyclone.

It is important to note that cyclones can vary drastically in their size. The size of the cyclone depends largely on how much flue gas must be filtered, thus larger operations tend to need larger cyclones. For example, several different models of one cyclone type can exist, and the sizes can range from a relatively small 1.2-1.5 meters tall (about 4-5 feet) to around 9 meters (30 feet)—which is about as tall as a three story building.

Cyclone separators work much like a centrifuge, but with a continuous feed of dirty air. In a cyclone separator, dirty flue gas is fed into a chamber. The inside of the chamber creates a spiral vortex, similar to a tornado. This spiral formation and the separation is shown in Figure 2. The lighter components of this gas have less inertia, so it is easier for them to be influenced by the vortex and travel up it. Contrarily, larger components of particulate matter have more inertia and are not as easily influenced by the vortex.

Since these larger particles have difficulty following the high-speed spiral motion of the gas and the vortex, the particles hit the inside walls of the container and drop down into a collection hopper. These chambers are shaped like an upside-down cone to promote the collection of these particles at the bottom of the container. The cleaned flue gas escapes out the top of the chamber.

Most cyclones are built to control and remove particulate matter that is larger than 10 micrometers in diameter. However, there do exist high efficiency cyclones that are designed to be effective on particles as small as 2.5 micrometers. As well, these separators are not effective on extremely large particulate matter. For particulates around 200 micrometers in size, gravity settling chambers or momentum separators are a better option.

Out of all of the particulate-control devices, cyclone separators are among the least expensive. They are often used as a pre-treatment before the flue gas enters more effective pollution control devices. Therefore, cyclone separators can be seen as "rough separators" before the flue gas reaches the fine filtration stages.

Effectiveness:

Cyclone separators are generally able to remove somewhere between 50-99% of all particulate matter in flue gas. How well the cyclone separators are actually able to remove this matter depends largely on particle size. If there is a large amount of lighter particulate matter, less of these par0ticles are able to be separated out. Because of this, cyclone separators work best on flue gases that contain large amounts of big particulate matter.

There are several advantages and disadvantages in using cyclone separators. First, cyclone separators are beneficial because they are not expensive to install or maintain, and they have no moving parts. This keeps maintenance and operating costs low. Second, the removed particulate matter is collected when dry, which makes it easier to dispose of. Finally, these units take up very little space. Although effective, there are also disadvantages in using cyclone separators. Mainly because the standard models are not able to collect particulate matter that is smaller than 10 micrometers effectively and the machines are unable to handle sticky or tacky materials well.

)(Seperation efficiency is ratio of trapped particles to the total number of particles tracked).

Pressure drop is defined as the difference in total pressure between two points of fluid carrying network.

{pressure drop = Total inlet pressure - total outlet pressure(top)}.

CYCLONE EFFICIENCY EMPIRICAL MODELS

IOZIA AND LEITH MODEL :

Iozia and Leith (1990) logistic model is a modified version of Barth (1956) model which is developed based on force balance. The model assumes that a particle carried by the vortex endures the influence of two forces: a centrifugal force, Z, and a flow resistance,

The addition made by Iozia and Leith on the original Barth (1956) model are the core length zc and slope parameter β expression which is derived based on the statistical analysis of experimental data of cyclone with D = 0.25 m.

LI AND WANG MODEL:

The Li and Wang (1989) model includes particle bounce or re-entrainment and turbulent diffusion at the cyclone wall. A two-dimensional analytical expression of particle distribution in the cyclone is obtained. Li and Wang model was developed based on the following assumptions:

• The radial particle velocity and the radial concentration profile are not constant, for uncollected particles within the cyclones.
• Boundary conditions with the consideration of turbulent diffusion coefficient and particle bounce re-entrainment on the cyclone wall
• The tangential velocity is related to the radius of cyclone by: uRn = constant. The concentration distribution in a cyclone is given as:

KOCH AND LICHT MODEL:

Koch and Licht (1977) collection theory recognized the inherently turbulent nature of cyclones and the distribution of gas residence times within the cyclone. Koch and Licht describe particle motion in the entry and collection regions with the additional following assumptions:

• The tangential velocity of a particle is equal to the tangential velocity of the gas flow, i.e. there is no slip in the tangential direction between the particle and the gas.
• The tangential velocity is related to the radius of cyclone by: uRⁿ = constant.

LAPPLE MODEL:

Lapple (1951) model was developed based on force balance without considering the flow resistance. Lapple assumed that a particle entering the cyclone is evenly distributed across the inlet opening. The particle that travels from inlet half width to the wall in the cyclone is collected with 50% efficiency. The semi empirical relationship developed by Lapple (1951) to calculate a 50% cut diameter.

Geomentry:

Meshing:

using cutcell meshing - Mesh element size - 10mm.

Setup:

Boundary Conditions:

Inlet and wall:- Reflect

Outlet(Top):- Escape

Outlet(Bottom/dustbin) - Trap

Case:1

Inlet velocity = 3m/s

by variying diameter from 1 micro meter to 5 micro meter

standard intialization from inlet.

1. 1 Micro Meter :-

Scaled reasiduals

Particle

Video

2. 3 Micro Meter :-

Scaled reasiduals

Particle

Video

3. 5 Micro Meter :-

Scaled reasiduals

Particle

Video

Table to calculate seperation efficiency:

Diameter (m)	Tracked	Excaped	Incomplete	Trapped	Seperation efficiency (%)
5.00e-06	120	2	11	107	89.16
3.00e-06	120	44	01	75	62.55
1.00e-06	120	49	41	30	25.00

Case : 2:

varying the particle velocity from 1 m/sec to 5 m/sec

particle diameter size as 5 μm

standard intialization from inlet.

1. 1m/s Velocity

Scaled reasiduals

Particle

Video

2. 3m/s Velocity

Scaled reasiduals

particle

Video

3. 5m/s Velocity

Scaled reasiduals

Prticle

Video

Table to calculate seperation efficiency and Pressure drop:

Velocity(m/s)	Tracked	Escaped	Incomplete	Trapped	Seperation efficiency(%)	Inlet Pressure(pa)	Outlet Pressure(pa)	Pressure difference(pa)
5	120	0	6	114	95.00	54.50	6.98	47.52
3	120	2	11	107	89.11	18.52	2.50	16.02
1	120	15	98	7	05.83	1.9	0.21	1.69

Conclusion:

• Seperation Efficiency depends on both diameter and velocity of particles.
• Increase in diameter and velocity increases seperation efficiency.
• Velocity has greater impact as compared to diameter of particle.
• Pressure drop is dependant on velocity. for constant velocity with varying diameter size the pressure drop remains almost constant.
• Increase in velocity causes the pressure drop to rise exponentially.