A genetic algorithm is an optimization process based on Charles Darwin\'s Theory of Evolution. It is a random based evolutionary algorithm meaning it applies random changes to the current solutions to get new solutions. The steps GA has is as follows. [1] a. An initial population of solution sets will be assumed. b. A…

Here, a simple pendulum is modelled using a second order ordinary differential equation and simulated using MATLAB. The same equation for spring-mass-damper system can be used to model the pendulum. Therefore the equation is `(d^2theta)/dt^2+b/m(d theta)/dt+g/l sintheta =0` where b--> damping coefficient=0.05  …

Here the objective is to plot PV diagram for an otto cycle given some assumptions as inputs in calculations. Some of the initial and final state variables are assumed for the ease of calculation which are given in the code. From the bore, stroke, and compression ratio, the engine cyclinder's swept volume and clearance…