Week 1 Understanding Different Battery Chemistry

CELLS	METERIALS	ANODE	CATHODE
LCO	THE ANODE METERIAL IS LIAC6 AND CATHODE METERIAL IS LIBCOO2 AND THE CARRIER IS LI+	The anode contains graphite carbon	The cathode meterial contains cobalt oxide
LMO	the anode meterials is Li and cathode is manganese dioide	LinC6 nLi+ + ne−	Lim − nMn2O4 + nLi+ + ne− LimMn2O4
NCA	Aluminium foil is act as cathode and anode is graphite miture	LinC6 Li0C6 + nLi+ + ne−	Lim − n(NixCoyAlz)O2 + nLi+ + ne− Lim(NixCoyAlz)O2
NMC	The anode is graphite and cathode is cobalt,nickel or manganeese	LinC6 Li0C6 + nLi+ + ne−	Lim − n(NixMnyCoz)O2 + nLi+ + ne− Lim(NixMnyCoz)O2
LFP	Lithium ion phoshte act as cathode and graphite act as anode	LinC6 Li0C6 + nLi+ + ne−	Lim − nFePO4 + nLi+ + ne− LimFePO4
LTO	Lithium titanate act as a anode and lco act as cathode	the anode contains lithium titanate	the cathode meterial contains lco

Lithium ion phosphate

When LFP batteries discharge, lithium molecules from the negative electrode detach
from layered graphene, becoming lithium ions and electrons. The electrons travel out of
the battery as lithium ions move across a separator and both integrate into iron phosphates
at the positive electrode. During charge, lithium separates from the iron phosphate,
generating lithium ions and electrons. The lithium ions and electrons transfer to the
positive electrode and integrate into the graphene structure

. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)

NMC is a Li-ion battery with a different type of cathode. Unlike LFP, which possesses
good capacity and stability, NMC demonstrates an improved cycle life, thermal stability,
and energy density . Its layered cathode structure demonstrates a single-phase
intercalation process as opposed to olivine structures with two phases . The cathode
of NMC consists of Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, where the sum of the molar fractions (x, y, z) is
equal to one . The discharge chemistry of NMC is similar to LFP, as they are both Li-ion
batteries . It follows the process of lithium oxidation on the anode and reduces at the
cathode. The discharge reaction proceeds from left to right, whilst the charge reaction
proceeds from right to left .

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)

LMO batteries were first commercialized in 1975 by the Sanyo company, making it
one of the first Li-ion batteries to be used commercially . Newer LMO batteries contain
a three-dimensional spinel structure to improve the diffusion of lithium ions allowing
it to have high thermal stability, low cost, and environmental affinity . However, LMO
batteries suffer from severe capacity fading due to the surface dissolution of manganese in
the electrolyte at temperatures above 60 ◦C.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)

NCA batteries share many similarities with NMC batteries as they both share the
layered cathode structure. However, NCA batteries replace the manganese of the NMC
batteries with aluminum. This improves the specific energy and lifespan when compared
to its NMC counterpart . NCA batteries also have a high gravimetric capacity of 200
mAh·g
−1 when compared to the capacities of LMO and LFP batteries at 148 mAh·g
−1
and 170 mAh·g
−1
, respectively. Finally, NCA batteries are known to have a long lifespan.
The main disadvantage of NCA batteries is that they are not as safe as other battery types.