Uploaded on
21 Dec 2022
Skill-Lync
The rapid development of numerous communication technologies, both fixed and mobile, has resulted in a growing demand for Internet access. The Internet's enormous influence in today's world of information transmission is evident. Quality communication enables individuals to work, study, communicate, and access streaming movies, audio, and internet services with a variety of commercial firms and government organisations more effectively.
Standard LTE network allows carriers and operators to deliver high-speed connectivity for mobile phones and data terminals while also optimising current networks for additional vertical market applications like transportation and smart grid. With growing applications like gaming, social networking, and video on mobile devices, the use of mobile broadband services is accelerating at an unprecedented rate. 4G, namely LTE technology, allows customers to bring the exact same user experience they enjoy at home or at work with them when they are on the road.
LTE, the acronym for Long-Term Evolution, is basically a 4G (fourth-generation) wireless standard that improves speed and network capacity and several other cellular devices over 3G (third-generation) technology.
LTE provides faster peak data transfer rates than 3G, with initial speeds of up to 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. It has lower latency, backward compatibility with existing UMTS and GSM technologies, and expandable bandwidth capacity. Following the development of LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps was achieved.
LTE was not initially classified as real 4G. The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) first described 4G as a cellular standard with the potential to transfer data at a speed of 1 Gbps for a stationary user and 100 Mbps for a mobile user. The ITU modified their stance in December 2010, applying 4G to LTE and numerous other wireless protocols.
The following network components are included in the basic LTE architecture:
LTE EUTRAN
It's a radio access network standard designed to replace HSDPA, HSUPA and UMTS. In contrast to HSPA, the E-UTRA of the LTE air interface mechanism is totally new. It has faster data speeds, reduced latency, and is designed for packet data. Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio (EUTRAN) is made up of eNBs (electronic nodes). EUTRAN is in charge of all radio management in LTE.
When the UE is turned on, the eNB is in charge of Radio Resource Management, which includes radio admission control, radio bearer management, allocating downlink and uplink to the UE, and so on. When a UE packet arrives at the eNB, the eNB must compress the IP header and encrypt the data stream. It's also in charge of appending a GTP-U header to the payload and transmitting it to the SGW.
The control plane must be created before data can be transferred. eNB is in charge of selecting an MME utilising the MME selection mechanism. Because the eNB is the sole entity on the radio, it is responsible for QoS. Other functions include broadcast message transmission, paging message scheduling and transmission, as well as bearer-level rate enforcement, which is also performed by eNB.
LTE EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
The LTE network architecture of the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) comprises of
PGW (PDN Gateway)
Well, PGW closes the SGi interface to the PDN. It's in charge of every IP packet-based function like UE IP address assignment, deep packet inspection, transport level packet marketing in downlink and uplink, accounting, and so on. PGW calls PCRF in order to assess the quality of service for bearers. It's also in charge of DL and UL rate enforcement.
SGW (Serving Gateway)
The interface to EUTRAN is terminated by the serving gateway. Each UE has a single Serving GW connected with EPS at any moment. For inter-eNB handovers, SGW functions as a local mobility entity. It also serves as a mobility anchor for 3GPP interoperability. SGW is in charge of packet routing and forwarding and buffering downlink packets. SGW is in charge of downlink packet marking, whereas eNB is in charge of uplink packet marking.
PCRF (Policy Control and Charging Rules Function)
The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is in charge of policy control decision-making together with regulating the flow-based charging features in the P-Policy GW's Control Enforcement Function (PCEF). The PCRF offers QoS authorisation (QoS class identification [QCI] and bit rates) that determines how a certain data flow will be processed in the PCEF and guarantees that it is consistent with the user's subscription profile.
HSS (Home Subscriber Server)
The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is basically a central database that stores subscription and user data. The HSS service includes call and session setup assistance, mobility management, access authorisation, and user authentication. Also, it contains data regarding PDNs that the user may connect to. Furthermore, the HSS stores dynamic data such as the identification of the MME to which the user is presently linked or registered. The Home Subscriber Server may additionally include an AUC (authentication centre), which creates security keys and authentication vectors.
LTE delivers considerable performance increases over previous generations as the fastest and most widely available cellular telecommunications network. Here are a few of the advantages of LTE network architecture:
Despite these major advantages, LTE has certain drawbacks. Here are some things to think about when putting LTE in place.
The LTE architecture of the 4G network has become the industry standard for mobile communications. Both the 1st and 2nd generation technologies were primarily focused on telephony, and 3G later transitioned to mobile data. Furthermore, 4G LTE enhanced mobile data communications by focusing primarily on this area to enable widespread mobile data access.
If you are interested in learning the intricacies of LTE architecture, Skill-Lync is a great option to learn about the LTE architecture of 4G networks.
Skill-Lync's network training courses will give you a complete grasp of the LTE system's architecture and how the entire system functions.
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