The first course of the Masters program uses both ETABS and SAFE softwares. Here, the students will learn how to build software models of the structure, analyse them and use them in preparing final construction drawings. 

This course covers:  

• Overview of seismic design concepts 
• Dynamic analysis of building structures & estimation of earthquake forces 
• Conceptual design of buildings for earthquake resistance with reference to IS 1893 
• Detailed design of RCC member elements with reference to IS 13920 & foundation design 

Knowledge and understanding of bending moment and shear force diagrams of structural members is necessary for a structural engineer. Students will learn how to obtain shear force and bending moment diagrams of different structures. 

The course covers: 

• Primer on basic mechanics of material 
• Bending moment and shear force diagram of single span beams(with various boundary conditions) 
• Bending moment and shear force diagrams for multiple span beams, 
• Influence line diagrams – Muller Breslau’s principles and its applications 
• Bending moment diagrams and shear force diagrams of portal frames – moment distribution method 
• Approximate analysis methods – portal frame method and cantilever method 
• Introduction to ETABS software touching upon modelling and analysis aspects 

Composites are multi-phase materials composed of two or more materials. Materials of different properties are combined together to achieve desired properties. The better characteristics of composites make it an essential component in structural engineering. 

In this course, you will be able to understand the functions and behaviour of different structural elements and when and where composite materials can be used. 

Here, you will learn about: 

• Modeling of geometry using ETABS
• Load applications and load combinations 
• Structural analysis and design of structures 
• Composite deck design and analysis using Comflor 

Precast concrete design is a highly-advanced blooming technology in the structural field. This course is designed to give you a basic understanding on structural behaviour of precast buildings under various loads. 

Here, you will learn about: 

• Comprehensive structural analysis and design for G + 15 precast building using ETABS & Strusoft FEM Design. 
• Detailed understanding of Precast Design (Stability analysis, Precast member Design, Precast connections)
• Calculation of gravity and lateral loads on the building structures 
• Understanding for buildings behavior under different loads

The design and construction of tall buildings all around the world are governed by different regulations and practices. Students will learn how to analyse and design tall buildings as per international codes and practices. This course will also provide you the fundamentals of ETABS and SAFE. 

Here, you will learn: 

• Description of the various structural actions on tall buildings
• Provisions for seismic and wind design in international codes
• Fundamentals of strength and serviceability design 
• Modelling and design of a tall building using ETABS and SAFE

Reinforced concrete members serve as the functional blocks of structural systems. The design, behaviour and failure of the reinforced concrete members influence the structural system. 

Here, you will learn: 

• Behaviour of structural members 
• Analysis of structural members 
• Design of structural members 

• Seismic design philosophy and limit states
• Earthquake and their geotechnical and structural effects
• Capacity design philosophy
• Problem statement

• Single Degree of Freedom Systems
  • Force Displacement System
  • Damping Force
  • Equation of Motion – External Force 
  • Equation of Motion – Earthquake Excitation
  • Undamped Free Vibration Systems
  • Viscously Damped Free Damping

• Earthquake Response of Linear Systems
  • Response Spectrum Concept
  • Deformation, Pseudo-velocity and Pseudo-acceleration Response Spectra
  • Peak Structural Response from the Response Spectrum

• Problem statement

• Multi Degree of Freedom Systems
  • Discretization of structural systems
  • Elastic, damping & inertia forces
  • Damping Force
  • Equation of Motion 
  • Free Vibration – Systems without damping

• Modal Response Spectrum Analysis
• Equivalent Lateral Force Method
• Problem statement

• General principles of conceptual seismic design
• Regularity and irregularity of building structures
• Problem statement

• Essentials of structural system for seismic resistance – RC frame systems, wall systems and dual systems
• The Capacity Design Philosophy
• The role of a stiff and strong vertical spine in the building
• Ductility as an alternative to strength

• Design of beams with reference to IS 13920
• Problem statement

• Design of columns and beam - column joints with reference to IS 13920
• Problem statement

• Architectural drawings will be presented. A cost efficient load path will be carved out using Etabs 2016.
• From identifying loads, to creating etabs model
• Complete analysis and design of RCC building in zone 5 will be demonstrated

• Foundation structures for frames and structural walls
• Footing & pile design using excel spreadsheet
• Problem statement

• Check for liquefaction
• Design of raft foundation using SAFE

The topics that will be covered in this segment are –

• Stress and strain
• Important aspects of stress-strain curves of commonly used materials(steel and concrete)
• Hooke’s law
• Modulus of elasticity
• Limit of proportionality
• Yield stress
• Proof stress
• Fundamentals of state of equilibrium 
• Brief introduction to types of equilibrium
• Equilibrium equations

The students would be introduced to beams and its various types

Students would be introduced to analysis approach for single span beams .Types of loading that will be considered are

• Uniform loading,
• Concentrated load,
• Linearly varying load

Also, the approach to determine bending moment and shear force diagrams of these beams will be discussed in detail. The usual sign convention used in the industry will also be discussed.

Introduction to statically indeterminate beams would be done. Different methods of analysis of statically indeterminate structures – stiffness method and force method will be introduced. Equilibrium equations and deformation compatibility equations will be introduced(briefly touching upon Castigliano’s theorem to determine displacements)

The above methods will be used to determine bending moment and shear force diagrams of a single span statically indeterminate beam – analysis of propped cantilever beam subjected to uniform load and concentrated load

• Introduction to internal hinges in statically indeterminate beams along with real life example.
• Implications of internal hinges on bending moments.
• Analysis of single span and two span beams with internal hinge.
• Determination of bending moment diagram and shear force diagrams for these beams.

Concept of influence line diagram will be introduced. This will be followed by its applications. Influence lines of vertical reactions, bending moment and shear force will be derived and discussed for a single span simply supported beam.

Concept of moving loads will be discussed and determination of absolute maximum bending moment in beam due to a system of concentrated loads will be discussed

Muller Breslau’s principle will be introduced to determine qualitatively influence line diagrams of various quantities of statically determinate band indeterminate beams. 

Concept of load patterning will be introduced and application of Muller Breslau’s principle will be discussed to determine qualitatively maximum moment in midspan, maximum moment over support, maximum support reaction, etc for multi span beams.

Introduction to concept of flexible supports will be done. Real life examples of flexible supports would be discussed. Importance of considering support’s flexibility will be discussed in statically indeterminate beams. Two span beam with one of the supports as spring would be analyzed. The result will be compared to a two span beam without flexible  supports for students to be able to appreciate the significance of support’s flexibility

Introduction to portal frame structures and various types of portal frames –

• Single storied single bay,
• Single storied –
  • Two bays,
• Two storied single bay;
• Two storied two bays,
• Multi storied multibay ;
• Application of portal frames in real life structures –
  • Steel and Concrete buildings

• Analysis of a single storied portal frame with pinned bases using moment distribution method;
• Analysis of single storied portal frame with fixed bases using slope deflection method

• Analysis of single storied portal frame with pinned bases subjected uniform gravity load using moment distribution method
• Analysis of single storied portal frame with fixed base subjected to concentrated load using slope deflection method
• Concept of sway of portal frame due to gravity loads

• A brief introduction to ETABS software. 
• Demonstration of Analysis of single span and mutispan beams in ETABS
• Demonstration of modelling flexible supports in ETABS
• Demonstration of analysis of single storied and multistoried portal frames in etabs with various support conditions
• Determination of sway deformation/lateral drifts in the portal frame to be covered

• Introduction to tall buildings
• Tallest buildings in the world in 2020
• Loadings and supports 
• Structural mechanics concepts
• Structural elements and their behaviour
• Structural systems and their classification  

• Structural systems and its behaviour 
• Case study  
• Comparative study for the structural systems
• Shanghai tower – structural framing & challenges 
• Taipei 101 – structural framing & challenges 
• p-δ analysis 
• p-δ vs. p-δ 

• Gravity loads 
• Load paths 
• Modelling of structure
• Wind loads as per IS 875: 2015 (Part 3)
• Wind load estimation & application in ETABS
• Earthquake loads as per IS 1893: 2016
• Seismic load estimation & application in ETABS
• Design philosophy in wind & seismic loads

• Underlying Physics 
• D'alembert's Principle
• Equation of Motion
• Modal Analysis
• Influence of Modal Response  
• Idealized Model – SDOF Structure

• Structural actions
• Concrete & its key properties
• Corrosion
• Design methodology
• Limit state of design 
• Load combinations 

• Type of slab & its function
• One-way vs Two-way slabs
• Slab design & detailing  
• Beam types
• Beam analysis & design  
• Column classification
• Column analysis & design 
• Wall design 

• Steel vs Concrete comparative study
• Structural steel sections
• Section classification
• Allowable stress design
• Limit state design 
• Design flow chart 
• Design of tension members 
• Failure modes and strength estimation

• Design of compression member  
• Euler buckling criteria 
• Flexural buckling 
• Torsional-Flexural buckling 
• Design of beams 
• Deflection criteria for the beams
• Bolted connection 
• Welded connection

• Composite structures 
• Practical applications
• Key advantages 
• Composite deck slab 
• Design philosophy 
• Construction of composite deck slab
• Advantages of composite deck slab
• Connection details

• Composite beam philosophy 
• Load transfer 
• Design criteria 
• Prefabricated composite beams 
• Composite coupling beams
• Composite columns
• Load capacity of composite columns
• Composite connection 
• Composite wall 
• Software advances

• Composite deck slabs
• Various available profiles 
• Design parameters 
• Floor framing options
• Manual calculations 
• Deck sizing and selection
• Modeling and analysis in ETABS
• Analysis of composite beams 
• Design of composite beam

• Construction details of composite slab
• Shear connectors
• Shear studs and its load transfer mechanism 
• Shear resistance of the studs 
• Floor vibration 
• Cambering 
• Heat cambering vs cold cambering 
• Scheduling of construction

• Introduction to precast concrete structure & its fundamental difference from cast in-situ structures.
• Defining the outline of the entire course & things to be covered.
• To start with the structural design of G+15 precast building.
• Inputs required 
  • Architectural plan of the buildings
  • Location of the building
  • Usage of the building
  • Substructure Information (soil capacity, subgrade modulus)

• Slight brief about the structural codes to be used IS 456, IS 1893, IS 13920, IS 13916, FIB 43, FIB 27, PCI reference
• Slight brief about the software to be used during the course (ETABS & Strusoft FEM Design)

• Work with the architectural plan and prepare the structural framing at different level
• Understand & establish the vertical load path of the building
• Understand & establish the lateral load resisting system / stability system for the building.
• Understanding of grounding of forces in the structure 
• Freeze the qualitative structural system for building
• Develop the structural framing plans of all the level for preparation of analytical model

• Break down of the structural elements to feasible precast members
• Basic understanding about various precast elements
• Criterion for sizing of various precast members
• Introduction to various type of precast elements
• Preparing the updated structural plans as per precast structural scheme
• Developing some rudimentary connection sketches at this stage.

• Identifying all the forces to be considered for the analysis
• Calculation of the all the forces
• Calculation for wind, snow & earthquake loads
• Basic understanding of IS 1893 (Static & Dynamic method)
• Few hand calculations showing seismic base shear
• Additional stages to be taken for precast members: demolding, transportation, erection

• Load combination as per IS 456 & IS 1893
• Strength parameters for precast members
• Serviceability parameters & checks for precast building
• Progressive collapse – general introduction 
• Progressive collapse prevention system for the building
• Introduction to horizontal & vertical ties

• Setting up the analytical model 
• Geometry of the analytical model as per framing plans
• Preliminary sizing of the structural members
• Section properties of the structural members
• Support parameters, connection parameters, mass source
• DBR preparation

• Load application on the analytical model
• Seismic load application on the analytical model 
• Wind load application – user defined & auto generated
• Mass source 
• Load combination
• Limit state of strength & serviceability

• Checking the behavior of analytical model
• Deflected shape under various load case (dead, lateral)
• Base reactions & uplifts
• Story drifts & deflections
• Connection forces in FEM design 
• Mode shapes & governing modes 
• Mode participation factors
• Preliminary system run design of the members

• Detailed analysis for base reaction forces
• Suggestion of type of foundation based on base reactions & soil properties
• Design for the foundation using SAFE, reinforcement design for raft.
• Additional checks for the foundation
• Verifying the initial assumed sizes of the members
• Detailed design of the precast elements
• Design for reinforcement precast slabs (solid slabs, Hollow core slabs)
• Design for precast reinforced beams & Columns
• Design for precast concrete walls 

• Additional checks to be made lifting & transportation stages
• Connection & reinforcement for other design stages
• General Information about various types of structural elements
• Hollow core slabs, Filigree slabs, Balcony slabs and their connections 
• Prestressed structural members – general introduction
• Types of precast walls:
  • Sandwich walls 
  • Double walls
  • Battery walls
  • Cavity walls

• Identifying & computing connection forces from analytical model
• Schematic design of precast connection
• Connection sketches 
• Detailed connection design for various connections 
  • Wall – wall horizontal 
  • Wall – wall vertical 
  • Wall – Foundation 
  • Wall – Slabs
  • Beam – slab 
  • Beam – column connections 

• General information about various type of connections

• Design for semi rigid diaphragm for precast deck
• Cast on -site reinforcement required for diaphragm action
• Preparation of reinforcement details for cast on-site reinforcement 
• Robustness system of the building 
• Provision of horizontal and vertical ties in the building
• Computing Tie forces 
• Changed connection forces

• Demand for Tall Buildings
• Tall buildings around the world
• Factors affecting tall buildings
• Overview of Design Parameters

• Dead Loads
• Super Imposed Dead Loads
• Live Loads
• Other Special Load Cases

• Basics of Seismic Loads on Buildings
• Estimation of Seismic loads on a tall building
• Dynamic Analysis
• Provisions in American Codes for Seismic Design
• Seismic Load input parameters in ETABS

• Basics of Wind Loads
• Estimation of Wind Loads on a tall building
• Provisions in American Codes for Wind Loads
• Wind Load inputs in ETABS
• Wind Tunnel Design Considerations

• Design Philosophy
• Strength Design Checks
• Stability Checks
• Drift Considerations as per American Code
• Drift Checks from ETABS Outputs
• Human Comfort Criteria
• Requirements for Fire Safety

• Types of Structural stability systems
• Exterior Structural Stability Systems
• Interior Structural Stability Systems
• Slab systems for tall buildings
• Diaphragm action
• Outrigger structures

• P=Delta Effects
• Creep and Shrinkage
• Temperature Considerations
• Axial Shortening

• Design fundamentals for Vertical elements
• Design fundamentals for Horizontal Elements
• Design of Shear walls
• Serviceability Design Checks

• Modelling of a tall building in ETABS
• Providing input parameters
• Assigning Loads

• Assigning analysis parameters
• Running analysis
• Making cross checks to verify analysis results
• Assign design parameters
• Running design checks of vertical elements

• Exporting forces from ETABS to SAFE
• Modelling in SAFE
• Assigning parameters
• Design Checks

• Wind mitigation measures
• Damping Techniques

• Objectives of structural design
• Types of structural systems (different types of floor systems, vertical and lateral framing systems etc.)
• Basic of concrete mix proportions and unit wt.
• Compressive strength of concrete (test on cylinder & cube)
• Stress-strain curve for concrete and its behavior with increasing compressive strength (equn. for stress-strain curve, modified Hognestad parabola)
• Unconfined compressive strength of cylinder v/s cube
• Confined strength of concrete
• Characteristic strength of concrete, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength & Poisson’s ratio
• Concrete stress-strain curve per IS 456:2000
• Properties of steel (stress v/s strain, Fe250/Fe415/Fe500)

• Preview into WSM, Strength Design (ULM) and Limit State Design (LSD)
• Two Limit States (serviceability & strength)
• Explain collapse mechanism (?)
• Material safety factor (γm)
• Characteristic loads and load safety factor
• Introduction to flexure
• Cracking moment
• Modular ratio (per IS:456 and IRC:112) & neutral axis based on 1st moment area (balanced NA)
• Moment of inertia (gross v/s cracked)

• Equation of equilibrium & computing moment of resistance
• Balanced moment (concrete & steel fails simultaneously, limiting Ast)
• Brittle failure (concrete fails first)
• Ductile failure & concept of moment-curvature
• Concept of flanged beams (what are they?)
• Analysis of singly r/f flanged sections in flexure
• Analysis of doubly r/f beams (rectangular & flanged beams)

• Effective span
• Min. & max. r/f criteria and rebar spacing in beams
• Serviceability criteria (short & long-term deflection)
• Deep & slender beams
• Design of singly r/f rectangular beam
• Design of singly r/f flanged beam (revise the concept of flanged beam)
• Concept of neutral axis at different levels (i.e. xu = xu,max, xu < xu,max , xu > xu,max)
• Bar curtailment location (development length & other criteria)

• Principal stress in beams
• Modes of cracking
• Shear transfer mechanism
• Beams without shear r/f
• Beams with shear r/f
• Shear stress in uniform depth beam
• Shear stress in non-uniform deep beam
• Shear resistance of beams without shear r/f
• Shear resistance of beams with shear r/f (shear stirrups spacing)
• Min. shear r/f and max. spacing of stirrups
• Curtailment of longitudinal stirrup (revisit)

• Ways in which torsion might act on the structure (equilibrium or compatibility)
• Design strength in torsion (w/o torsional r/f)
• Torsional r/f provisions per IS code
• Design strength (torsion & shear)
• Bond in concrete (mechanism, and type i.e. flexural & anchor)
• Development length and end anchorage
• Splicing of r/f
• Deflection as serviceability limit state
• Deflection limits (for s/s, cantilever beams)
• Short term & long-term deflection
• Design spreadsheet (MS Excel)
   

• One-way slab v/s two-way slab
• Structural system showing one-way slab (sketch that shows one-way slab action in beam-slab floor system)
• Structural analysis of one-way slab systems (moment & shear coefficients)
• Effective span
• Design of one-way slab (unit width method) (given Mu, compute Ast)
• Minimum r/f, spacing of rebar, diameter of rebar
• Shear strength of one-way slab
• Sketch showing rebar arrangement/detailing

• Compression member (pedestal, column and wall). Tied columns and helical r/f
• Effective length of the column (braced & unbraced length)
• Slender and short columns
• Possible loadings on column (purely axial, P & M, P with eccentricity)
• Code provisions for slenderness, min. eccentricity, long. r/f, trans r/f (ties and spiral)
• Design strength of short column under pure axial load (Design example)
• Analysis of short column with uniaxial moment (introduction, and eccentricity)

• Strain profile for simultaneous uniaxial moment and axial load
• Interaction curve
• Various points on the interaction curve
• Design for moment and axial load (interaction ratio)

• Types of footing 
  • Isolated
  • Raft/combined
  • Piles
• Bearing pressure under footing (due to axial load, axial load + uniaxial moment)
• Design considerations and code requirements/recommendation
• Design for shear (one-way and two-way)
• Design for flexure
• Rebar detailing